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Biology > Biology November Mocks 2023 > Flashcards

Biology November Mocks 2023 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is a large percentage of energy in animals not available for it’s consumer?

A

Excretion, bones and teeth not consumed, death/decomposition, heat loss.

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2
Q

How does fungus feed on plants like corn?

A

extracellular digestion and enzymes

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3
Q

How does a snakes feeding method affect time taken for digestion?

A

Whole organism has a smaller surface area to volume ratio increasing time taken to digest.

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4
Q

Two abiotic factors in an experiment for germination that should be a control?

A

Temperature as it affects enzymes, Moisture levels as water activates enzymes. pH levels as it also can affect enzymes.

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5
Q

Plant responses to directional stimuli are known as

A

Tropisms

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6
Q

What is the process called when plant shoots grow towards light?

A

Phototropism

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7
Q

What plant growth substance causes phototropism?

A

Auxin

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8
Q

Plant shoots react to light but also react to…

A

Gravity

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9
Q

When a plant shoot responds to gravity it is known as a

A

negative geotropic response

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10
Q

Explain the role of the mineral ion nitrate in the growth of crops

A

They produce protein/amino acids and DNA.

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11
Q

Mineral ions are absorbed by animal’s guts because they are

A

Small and soluble

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12
Q

Arteries charactertics

A

Thick walls, Carry blood away from the heart, narrow lumen, carry blood at a higher pressure

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13
Q

Veins characteristics

A

Valves to prevent backflow, Thin walls, Wide lumen, carry blood at a lower blood pressure

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14
Q

Name 5 factors that increase risk of heart disease

A

Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Age, Gender, High Carb Diet, High fat diet, Stress, High blood pressure, Genetics

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15
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A

Vasodilation makes blood vessels wider increasing blood flow to the skin causing heat loss.

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16
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Blood vessels become narrower decreasing blood flow to skin preventing heat loss.

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17
Q

Name a bacterium used to make yoghurt.

A

Lactobacillus Bacteria

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18
Q

Name the acid produced when making yoghurt

A

Lactic acid

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19
Q

What is the optimum temperature for Yoghurt production?

A

43C

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20
Q

When the rubber sheet is pulled down in the bell jar model why do the balloons inflate?

A

Pressure inside bell jar decreases allowing more air inside the balloons, increasing volume of the balloons.

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21
Q

Evaluate weather the bell jar model demonstrates ventilation

A

Yes as the balloons represent the lungs, The diaphragm is presented by the rubber sheet, bell jar represents rib cage and The tube at the top shows the trachea.

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22
Q

Explain why people become can become breathless during exercise

A

As they begin to run out of oxygen, meaning they begin to anaerobically respire. Also carbon dioxide is trying to be removed.

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23
Q

When doing an investigation for photosynthesis why are plants kept in the dark?

A

To make sure no photosynthesis occurs outside of the experiment and so all the starch is used up.

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24
Q

When doing an experiment for photosynthesis, why do plants need to be kept in the dark?

A

To make sure no photosynthesis occurs outside of the experiment and all the starch is used up.

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25
Q

Balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H20 —-> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

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26
Q

True or false Plants are multicellular

A

True

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27
Q

What are plants cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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28
Q

What do plants store carbohydrates as?

A

Sucrose or Starch

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28
Q

What do plants contain which means they can photosynthesise?

A

Chloroplasts

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29
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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29
Q

What do animals store carbohydrates as?

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

Can Fungi Photosynthesise?

A

No

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31
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

By saprotrophic nutrition

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32
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition

A

When a fungi secretes extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body to dissolve food so they can absorb the nutrients.

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33
Q

What do fungi store carbohydrates as?

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

What do Protoctista, Bacteria have in common?

A

They are both single celled.

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35
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They can only reproduce inside living cells, and they infect all types of living organisms

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36
Q

What are examples of viruses?

A

HIV, Influenza, Covid-19

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36
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a reaction.

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36
Q

What 2 abiotic factors affect enzyme function?

A

Temperature and pH.

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37
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model?

A

The enzyme-substrate complex

38
Q

What happens to the active site when enzymes begin to denature?

A

The active site changes shape meaning the substrate can no longer fit to form a enzyme-substrate complex.

39
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to a low water potential.

40
Q

Describe how to conduct the investigation for osmosis in living systems

A

Place cut up potato cylinders into beakers with different sugar solutions in them, with one being water. Measure the length of potato cylinders before placing in solution and after half an hour.

41
Q

Define Respiration

A

Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose.

42
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

43
Q

Chemical Equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2——-> 6CO2 + 6H20

44
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose —-> Lactic acid (+ energy)

45
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When oxygen isn’t present anymore, usually during exercise.

46
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

Glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

47
Q

How are leaves adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Leaves have a large surface area for diffusion, and they are thin so there is a short diffusion distance.

48
Q

What is the role of the stomata?

A

To let gasses diffuse in and out of the leaf. They also allow water to escape via transporation.

49
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata, they do this by changing shape and volume.

50
Q

How do guard cells open stomata?

A

By increasing volume

51
Q

How do guard cells close stomata?

A

By decreasing volume

52
Q

How do stomata allow water to escape

A

Transpiration

53
Q

What are the plants 2 main transport systems?

A

Xylem and Phloem

54
Q

What does the Xylem transport

A

Water and minerals

55
Q

What does the phloem transport

A

Sugars and Amino acids, the movement of these substances is known as translocation

56
Q

How do root hair cells take in water?

A

Multiple long ‘hairs’ which stick into soil, gives a large surface area for absorbing water, therefore osmosis occurs.

57
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant

58
Q

What 4 factors affect transpiration?

A

Light Intensity, Temperature, Wind Speed, Humidity

59
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

More light intensity means higher rate of transpiration

60
Q

How does Temperature affect Transpiration?

A

Higher the temperature the faster transpiration happens.

61
Q

How does Wind Speed affect transpiration?

A

The higher wind speed the greater the transpiration rate.

62
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

The drier the air, the faster transpiration happens.

63
Q

What three roles does the kidney have?

A

Adjustment of water content, Adjustment of salt levels, Removal of urea from the blood.

64
Q

Where does glucose get reabsorbed?

A

At the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

65
Q

Where does water get reabsorbed?

A

At the collecting duct via osmosis.

66
Q

What can be removed from the body via the kidneys?

A

Water, urea, ions and glucose

67
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The pituitary gland

68
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

The balancing of water content in the body

69
Q

How does ADH control water content?

A

ADH makes the collecting ducts nephrons more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood by osmosis.

70
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

71
Q

What is normal body temperature

A

37C

72
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A

Through the skin as sweat, via the lungs in breath, via the kidneys as urine.

73
Q

What are hormones?

A

hormones are chemical messengers sent in the blood.

74
Q

Source and Effects of Adreneline

A

Source: Adrenal Glands
Effects: Increases heart rate and decreases reaction time.

75
Q

Source and Effects of Insulin

A

Source: Pancreas
Effects: Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

76
Q

Source and Effects of Testosterone

A

Source: Testes
Effects: Promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

77
Q

Source and Effects of Progesterone

A

Source: Ovaries
Effects: Maintains the lining of the uterus

78
Q

Source and Effects of Oestrogen

A

Source: Ovaries
Effects: Controls the menstrual cycle and promotes secondary female sexual characteristics

79
Q

Source and Effects of ADH

A

Source: Pituitary gland
Effects: Makes nephrons in the collecting duct more permeable to reabsorb water back into the blood.

80
Q

Source and Effects of FSH:

A

Source: Pituitary Gland
Effects: Causes an egg to mature in an ovary. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.

81
Q

Source and Effects of LH:

A

Source: Pituitary gland
Effects: Stimulates ovulation

82
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is when a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two cells with identical chromosomes.

83
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Reproduction that involves only one parent. The offspring have identical genes to the parent.

84
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes. Because there are two parents the offspring have a combination of their parents’ genes.

85
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis produces four haploid cells where chromosomes are not identical.

86
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The sclera is the tough outer layer that protects the eye.

87
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

The cornea refracts light into the eye.

88
Q

What does the iris do?

A

The iris controls the diameter of the pupil.

89
Q

What does the lens do?

A

The lens focuses the light onto the retina.

90
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

The Optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors to the brain.

91
Q

How does the eye adjust to bright light?

A

Circular muscles contact.

92
Q

How does the eye adjust to dim light?

A

The radial muscles contract

93
Q

How does the eye adjust to distant objects?

A

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tight

94
Q

How does the eye adjust to near objects?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligaments.

95
Q

What is meant by a reflex action?

A

A reaction that doesn’t involve the brain and is instantaneous.

96
Q

3 ways the coordination in the endocrine system is different from coordination by the nervous system

A

Nervous system impulses travel faster than endocrine system. Endocrine systems, hormones travel in the blood whereas nervous system impulses travel in the nerves. Hormones are longer lasting than impulses.

97
Q

How is Yogurt Produced?

A

Lactobacillus bacteria is added, the bacteria ferments the lactose sugar in the milk to form lactic acid.

Lactic acid causes the milk to clot and solidify into yogurt.

Fruit and colours added.

Biology (22 decks)

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