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Anatomy and Physiology-DNP > Structure and function of the neuro system > Flashcards

Structure and function of the neuro system Flashcards

1
Q

Skull

A
  • consists of 22 bones
  • adult skull bones are fused together by sutures and immovable fibrous joints
  • foramina (base of skull) allow nerves and blood vessels to transmit between body and brain)
  • Foramina magna-spinal cord exits the brain
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2
Q

Efferent pathways of PNS

A

-Descending; innervate effector organs

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3
Q

Afferent pathways of PNS

A

-Ascending; sensory to spinal column

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4
Q

Spine

A
  • provides attachment for large muscles
  • 24 verebral bones, separated by intervertebral disks and supported at the base of the sacrum
  • sacrum: made of 5 fused vertebrae and ends in the coccyx
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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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6
Q

Brain and brain stem

A

body’s control center consisting of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, basal ganglia all enclosed in meninges
-divided into three regions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Part of the PNS

- Motor and sensory pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

-motor and sensory pathways regulate the body’s internal environment through the involuntary control of organ systems

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9
Q

Neurons

A
  • primary info and communication cell
  • variable size and structure throughout the nervous system
  • some continue to divide (olfactory) and some die off as not needed
  • contain: microtubules (transport), neurofibrils (structural support), missi substances (protein synthesis)
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10
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • brain and spinal cord together form the CNS
  • Cauda equina: bundle of nerve roots, located at the base of the spinal column, that connect to the legs, bladder, bowels, and genitals
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11
Q

Components of neuron: Cell body (soma)

A

Cell body

  • located mainly in CNS
  • Nuclei: densely packed cell bodies in CNS
  • Ganglia and plexuses: groups of cell bodies in the PNS
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12
Q

Components of neuron: dendrites

A

Dendrites

  • receptive portion of the neuron: sends impulses to the cell body
  • Dendritic zone: is the receptive portion of the neuron that receives a stimulus and continues further conduction
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13
Q

Cranial nerves

A

-emerge from brain
-12 cranial nerves
1-olfactory
2-optic
3-oculomotor
4-trochlear
5-trigeminal
6-abducens
7-facial
8-vestibulocochlear nerve
9-glossopharyngeal
10-vagus
11-accessory
12-hypoglossal

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14
Q

Components of neuron: axon

A

AXON

  • -carry nerve impulses away from cell body
  • action potentials begin at axon hillock
  • myelin
  • endoneurium
  • neurilemma (schwann sheath)
  • nodes of ranvier
  • saltatory conduction
  • divergence
  • convergence
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15
Q

Three components of neuron

A
  • cell body-soma,
  • dendrite
  • axon
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16
Q

Myelin (axon)

A
  • segmented layer of lipid material insulating substance
  • myelin sheath: entire membrane
  • formed and maintained by the schwann cell
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17
Q

Schwann cell (axon)

A

-thin membrane between the myelin sheath and the endoneurium

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18
Q

saltatory conduction (axons)

A

-causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of axons

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19
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • transmit impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
  • Are transmitted via an afferent pathway
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20
Q

Associational or interneurons

A

-transmit impulses from neuron to neuron

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21
Q

motor neurons

A
  • Transmit impulses from the CNS to an effector organ

- transmitted via an efferent pathway

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22
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Support the neurons of the CNS
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendroglia
  • microglia
  • Ependymal
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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

-fill the spaces between neurons and surround the blood vessels in the CNS

24
Q

Oligodentrocytes

A

-deposit myelin within the CNS

25
Q

Microglia

A

-remove debris in the CNS

26
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

-line the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled cavities of the CNS

27
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • also called neurolemmocytes
  • glial cells that wrap around the cover axons in the PNS
  • Form and maintain the myelin sheath
  • myelinated: myelin layer is tightly wrapped many times around the axon, forming nodes of ranvier
  • increases conduction velocity
28
Q

Synapses

A
  • regions between adjacent neurons
  • presynaptic (toward) and postsynaptic (away)
  • Impulses are transmitted by neurotransmitters
  • Neurotransmitters are formed in the neuron
29
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin

30
Q

Central nervous system (three major divisions of the brain)

A
  • forebrain (two cerebral hemispheres)
  • midbrain (corpora quadrigemina, tegmenium, cerebral peduncles)
  • hindbrain (cerebellum, pons and medulla)
31
Q

Brainstem (CNS)

A

-midbrain, medulla, pons

32
Q

Reticular formation (CNS)

A
  • network of connected nuclei that regulate vital reflexes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory
  • Maintains wakefulness
  • together w/ the cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular-activating system
33
Q

Forebrain (CNS)

A
  • Telecephalon
  • cerebrum (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)
  • Gyri, sulci, fissures
  • gray matter and white matter
34
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Prefrontal (goal oriented behavior, short term or recall memory)
  • Premotor (motor movement, basal ganglia)
  • primary motor areas
  • broca speech area
35
Q

CNS lobes

A
  • parietal lobe (somatic sensory input)
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe (primary auditory cortex, wernicke area, long term)
36
Q

Other areas of the CNS

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • limbic system
  • diencephalon
37
Q

Limbic system

A

-primitive behavioral responses, visceral reactions to emotions, motivation, mood, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms and sense of smell

38
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • subthalamums
39
Q

Sections of spinal cord

A
  • cervical-8
  • thoracic-12
  • lumbar-5
  • sacral-5
  • coccygeal-1
40
Q

Protective structures: meninges

A
  • protective membrane that surround the brain and spinal cord
  • dura mater
  • periosteum
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid
41
Q

Protective structures: spaces: Subdural

A

-located between the dura and arachnoid space

42
Q

subarachnoid space

A

-contains CSF and is located between the arachnoid space and pia mater

43
Q

Epidural

A

-located between the dura mater and skull

44
Q

CSF and the Ventricular system

A
  • clear, colorless fluid like blood plasma and interstitial fluid
  • circulates between 125-150mL in the ventricles
  • reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi
  • exerts pressure w/in the brain and spinal cord
  • produced by the choroid plexuses in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricle
45
Q

Vertebral column

A

-contains 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccygeal)

46
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A
  • receives 800-1000mL/min
  • CO2 is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow
  • internal corotid and vertebral arteries
  • Blood brain barrier
  • arterial circle (circle of willis)
47
Q

Blood supply to the spinal cord

A
  • vertebral arteries
  • -anterior spinal arteries
  • -posterior spinal arteries
  • -branch off the aorta artery
48
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • located in both the CNS and PNS
  • coordinate and maintains a steady-state among the visceral (internal organs)
  • neurons
  • -preganglionic (myelinated)
  • -postganglonic (unmyelinated)
  • Two divisions
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
49
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-releases epinepherine and norepinephrine

50
Q

Adrenergic receptors: a-adrenergic receptors

A
  • A1: adrenergic activity

- A2: adrenergic activity

51
Q

A1 Adrenergic activity

A
  • mostly associated w/ excitation or stimulation

- Most common

52
Q

A2 adrenergic activity

A

-associated w/ relaxation or inhibition

53
Q

B1 adrenergic activity

A

-increases heart rate and contractility causes the release of renin from the kidney

54
Q

B2 adrenergic activity

A

facilitates all the rest of the b-adrenergic receptors

55
Q

B3 adrenergic actitivty

A

-mediates lipolysis and thermogenesis; is upregulated in cardiovascular disease

Anatomy and Physiology-DNP (18 decks)

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