Pain, temp, regulation, sleep, and sensory function Flashcards
1
Q
Neuroanatomy of pain
A
-intense pain at one location may cause an increase in the pain threshold in another location
2
Q
Pain inhibitors
A
-opioids, GABA, cannabinoids, serotonin, norepinephrine
3
Q
Pain facilitators
A
-glutamate, substance p, histamine, prostaglandin, bradykinin
4
Q
Acute somatic pain
A
- arises from joints, muscle, bone, and skin
- A-delta fibers: pain is sharp and well-localized
- C fibers: pain is dull, aching, throbbing, and poorly localized
5
Q
Acute visceral pain
A
- pain arises from the internal organs and lining of body cavities
- pain is poorly localized as a result of the fewer number of nociceptors
6
Q
Referred pain
A
- pain in an area is removed or distant from its point of origin
- area of referred pain is supplied by the same spinal segment as the actual site
7
Q
Pathogensis of fever: inflammation
A
- activation of monocytes/macrophages
- pyrogenic cytokines: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFN
- Liver and metabolic responses
- acute phase response: increased C reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin, and other proteins
- Decreased albumin, transferrin, transthyretin
- Increased circulating neutrophils
8
Q
Benefits of fever
A
- aids infectious response
- kills many organisms
- decreases the serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper
- deprives bacteria of food
- promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of cells
- Increases lymphocytic transformation and phagocytic motility
9
Q
Hyperthermia
A
- no resetting of the hypothalamic set point
- 105.8 (41C): nerve damage, convulsion
- 109.4 (43C): Death
- therapeutic hyperthermia: medically induced hyperthermia that is used to destroy pathologic micro-organisms or tumor cells
10
Q
heat cramps
A
- severe spasmodic cramps in the abdomen and extremities
- follow prolonged sweating and associated Na loss
- diluted salt solutions are administered through oral or parenteral routes
11
Q
heat stroke
A
-cerebral edema, degeneration of CNS, swollen dendrites, renal tubular necrosis, hepatic failure, delirium, coma
12
Q
Malignant hyperthermia
A
- life threatening complication of an inherited muscular disorder
- precipitated by the administration of volatile anesthetics and neuromuscular-blocking agents
- increased Ca release or decreased Ca uptake w/ muscle contraction
- Treatment: remove the agent and cool individual, administer drugs that antagonize the ryanodine receptors
13
Q
Visual Dysfunction: Alterations in refraction
A
- most common vision problems
- myopia (nearsighted)
- hyperopia (farsighted)
- astigmatism (unequal curvature of the cornea)
14
Q
Neuro disorders: hemianopia
A
-is defective vision in one-half of a visual field
15
Q
External ear
A
- involved only w/ hearing
- pinna (auricle), auditory canal, and tympanic membrane (eardrum)
