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Anatomy and Physiology-DNP > Structure and function of pulmonary system part 1 > Flashcards

Structure and function of pulmonary system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

movement air in and out lungs

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

Movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues

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4
Q

Pulmonary system

A

carries out the first two processes (ventilation, diffusion)

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

carries out the third process (perfusion)

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6
Q

Two lobes

A
  • Right lung (three lobes)

- Left lung (two lobes)

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

involved in ventilation

-Dome-shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs, containing the heart, great vessels and esophagus

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9
Q

Carina

A

Ridge where trachea divides

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10
Q

Hila

A

Right and left bronchi enter the lungs, along w/ lymph vessels

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11
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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12
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike structures

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13
Q

Gas exchange airways:Acinus

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli-primary

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14
Q

Alveoli

A

Primary gas exchange

-O2 enters the blood and CO2 is removed

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15
Q

Pores of kohn

A

-permits air to pass through septa from alveolis to alveolis-this allows air to move through one alveolar sac to the next

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16
Q

Epithelial cells

A
  • Type 1-alveolar structure

- Type 2-surfactant production

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17
Q

Surfactant

A

lipoprotein coats inner surface of alveoli and helps facilitate expansion during inspiration and decreases alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration

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18
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system

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19
Q

Pulmonary and bronchial circulation

A
  • facilitates gas exchange
  • delivers nutrients to lung tissues
  • acts as a blood reservoir for the LV
  • Serves as filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris from circulation
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20
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

-divides and enters the lung as the hilus

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21
Q

Bronchus

A

each bronchus and bronchiole has an accompanying artery or arteriole
-Lungs are vascular organs

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22
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

A

surround the acinus

23
Q

Alveolocapillary membrane

A
  • formed by shared alveolar and capillary walls

- Gas exchange occurs here

24
Q

Control of pulmonary circulation

A

-Most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction: low alveolar partial pressure oxygen (PaO2)

25
Q

Pulmonary artery constriction

A

-Acidemia and inflammatory mediators

26
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

caused by alveolar and pulmonary venous hypoxia: hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

27
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

contained by the chest wall and encases the lungs

28
Q

Pleura

A
  • Serous membrane
  • Adheres firmly to the lungs
  • Firmly attaches to the chest wall
29
Q

Visceral pleura

A

membrane covering lungs

30
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lining the thoracic cavity

31
Q

Pleura

A

Area between the two pleura

  • Fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces, allowing the two layers to slide over each other w/out separating
  • Pressure in the pleural space: negative or subatmospheric (-4 to -10 mm Hg)
32
Q

Minute volume

A

ventilatory rate sis multiplied by the volume of air per breath

33
Q

Respiratory center

A
  • located in brainstem
  • Dorsal respiratory group: sets the basic automatic rhythm
  • Ventral respiratory group
34
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

becomes active when increased ventilatory effort is required

35
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

receives impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies: detects the Paco2 and the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood.

36
Q

Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

A

located in pons

modifiers of the inspiratory and rate are established by the medullary centers

37
Q

Lung receptors

A
  • Irritant receptors
  • Stretch receptors
  • Juxtapulmonary capillary J receptors
38
Q

Irritant receptors

A

-when stimulated cough, bronchoconstriction and increase respiratory rate

39
Q

Stretch receptors

A

protect against excess lung inflation

-Decrease RR and volume

40
Q

Juxtapulmonary J receptors

A

are sensitive to increased pulmonary pressure

41
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • Reflects Paco2
  • Stimulated by hyrogen in then CSF
  • Increased the RR and depth
42
Q

Peripheral chemorecptors

A
  • Located in the aorta and carotid bodies
  • Stimulated by the hypoxemia pao2
  • responsible for all the increase in ventilation that occurs in response to the arterial hypoxemia
43
Q

Major muscles of inspiration

A

-Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

44
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration

A

-Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles

45
Q

accessory muscles of expiration

A

no major muscles

-Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

46
Q

Compliance

A
  • Measures lung and chest wall distensibility
  • represents the relative
  • Low: Increase work of inspiration (stiff lungs)
  • High: increased work of expiration (easy to inflate has lost some elastic recoil)
47
Q

Scleroderma

A

Hardening of skin-hard to expand lungs

48
Q

Gas transport

A

1-ventilation of lungs
2-diffusion of O2 from the alveoli into the capillary blood
3-Perfusion of systemic capillaries w/ oxygenated blood
4-diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells
-Diffusion of CO2 occurs in the reverse order

49
Q

Effective gas exchange-

A

-Needs approximately even distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs: V/Q shunt

50
Q

Ventilation-perfusion ratio

A
  • Perfusion exceeds ventilation in the bases of the lungs

- Ventilation exceeds perfusion in the apices of the lungs

51
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • Hgb molecules bind w/ O2
  • Shift to right hgb decreased affinity for O2 or an increase in the ease w/ oxyhgb dissociates and O2 moves into the cells (acidosis, hypercapnia and hyperthermia)
  • Shift to left: hgb increased affinity for O2. Promotes association in the lungs and inhibits dissociated in the tissues (alkalosis, hypocapnia, hypothermia)
52
Q

Carbon dioxide

A
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Bicarbonate
  • Carbamino compounds
  • haldane effect
53
Q

Spirometery

A

-Measures volume and flow rate during forced expiration

54
Q

Diffusion capactiy

A

measure gas diffusion at the alveolocapillary membrane

Anatomy and Physiology-DNP (18 decks)

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