Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology-DNP > Structure and Function of the MSK > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the MSK Flashcards

1
Q

MSK made of two systems

A
  • bones and joints

- soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Constituents of bone tissue

A
  • Cells
  • Fibers: collagen
  • Ground substance: gelatinous material
  • Crystallized minerals: especially calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibers: collagen

A

-Gives bones tensile strength-ability to hold itself together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ground substance: gelatinous material

A

-medium for diffusion between bone and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Crystallized minerals: especially calcium

A

-Provide rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Factor-beta (TGF-B)

A

-is responsible for initiating, differentiating, and committing precursor cells into osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wnt Genes

A
  • protein-signaling factors required for the development of body systems, including the MSK
  • Bone formation, bone mass development, remodeling, and fracture healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • derived from mesenchymal cells
  • produce osteocalcin
  • form new bone
  • synthesize osteoid (nonmineralized bone matrix)
  • bone is shaped according to its function
  • become osteocytes that’re imbedded in bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteocytes: bone maintenance

A
  • develop dendritic processes that extend to either the bone surface or the bone’s vascular space
  • help maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form and resorb bone
  • located in lacuna
  • respond to parathyroid hormone
  • coordinate osteoblast and osteoclast functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteoclasts: bone resorption

A
  • large multinucleated cells
  • contain lysosomes filled w/ hydrolytic enzymes
  • have microvilli called ruffled borders
  • located in Howship lacunae
  • attached to integrins by podosomes (helps bind to bone)
  • osteoclasts loosen from bone surface
  • osteoclasts become inactive and rest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bone cells: nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)

A

-Induces osteoclast activation and bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bone cells: osteoprotegerin (OPG)

A
  • Is a glycoprotein
  • coupling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • serves as a decoy receptor RANKL and blocks osteoclast activity
  • balance between RANKL and OPG determines the quality of bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bone matrix

A
  • 35% osteoid, 65% mineral component, 5-8% water
  • organic: collagen fibers
  • inorganic: Ca and phosphate minerals
  • proteins, carbs, complexes, ground substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone matrix: Collagen fibers

A
  • essential for bone strength
  • form fibrils that twist
  • synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts
  • have over 20 types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bone matrix: Proteoglycans

A
  • large complexes of numerous polysaccharides attached to a common protein core
  • strengthen bone by forming compression-resistant networks between between collagen fibrils
  • help Ca deposit and calcify in bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bone matrix: glycoproteins

A
  • Carbs-protein complexes of bone
  • control collagen interactions that lead to fibril formation
  • play a role in calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other proteins found in bone matrix

A
  • Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPS)
  • Sialoprotein (osteopontin)
  • Osteocalcin
  • Osteonectin
  • laminin
  • bone albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone formation

A
  • First step: develop bone matrix
  • Next step: calcification
  • Final step: mineralization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mineralization

A
  • Final step in bone formation
  • phases:
  • -formation of the initial mineral deposit
  • -proliferation or accretion or additional mineral crystals on the initial mineral deposits (growth)
  • Majority of the mineral content in the body: hydroxyapatite-the end product
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of bone tissue: Compact bone

A
  • aka cortical bone
  • 85% of skeleton
  • solid and extremely strong
  • haversian system
  • haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocyte and canaliculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of bone tissue: spongy bone

A
  • AKA cancellous bone
  • 15% of the skeleton
  • filled with red bone marrow
  • lack haversian system
  • Trabeculae: plates or bars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Periosteum

A
  • double layered connective tissue
  • covers all bones
  • outer layer: contains blood vessels and nerves
  • inner layer: anchored to the bone by collagenous fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Characteristics of bones

A
  • total of 206 bones in human skeleton
  • Axial
  • Appendicular skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • 80 bones
  • skull (cranium), vertebral disks/columns, thorax
  • -first 7 ribs attach to sternum-true ribs
  • -pair 8 is false
  • -pars 11 and 12 are floating ribs
  • -spine as 24 vertebral bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • 126 bones

- upper and lower extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

26
Q

Long bones

A
  • Diaphysis (medullary cavity contains fat: yellow marrow)
  • metaphysis: broad neck
  • epiphysis: (medullary cavity helps w/ blood formation-red marrow)
  • Endosteum
27
Q

Phases of remodeling

A
  • activation of the remodeling cycle
  • resorption
  • formation of new bone (secondary bone)–takes 4-6 months
28
Q

Bone heals itself: repair

A
  • hematoma: clot forms
  • Procallus: produces granulation tissue
  • callus formation: forms membranous or woven bone
  • callus replacement: replaces the callus w/ lamellar bone or trabecular bone
  • remodeling
29
Q

Joints

A
  • site where two bones meet
  • promote stability/mobility
  • classifications are based on movements
30
Q

Synathrosis (fibrous joint)

A
  • immovable
    ex. vertebral disks, sternum, skull, sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
  • directly united to bone by dense fibrous connective tissue
31
Q

Amphiarthrosis (cartilage joint)

A
  • Slightly movable
    ex. pelvis, joints between the ribs and sternum,
  • connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • symphysis: bones are united by a pad or disk-
  • synchondrosis-hyaline cartilage
32
Q

Diathrosis (synovial joint)

A
  • freely movable
  • most complex
  • synovial fluid: fills the joint cavity and lubricates the joint surface
  • 6 types of synovial joints
33
Q

Joint capsule

A
  • connective tissue covers the ends of the bones where they meet in the joint
  • richly supplied w/ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
34
Q

Synovial membrane

A
  • smooth, delicate inner lining of the joint capsule
  • has a vascular layer and thin cellular layer
  • Type A synovial cells:phagocytic
  • Type B synovial cells:
35
Q

Joint cavity

A
  • called joint space
  • enables two bones to move “against” one another
  • filled w/ synovial fluid
36
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  • superfiltrated plasma fluid
  • lubricates the joint surfaces and nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage
  • contains free floating synovial cells and various leukocytes that phagocytize joint debris and micro-organisms
37
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • reduces friction in the joint and distributes forces of weight bearing
  • layered
  • has no blood vessels , lymph vessels, or nerves (is insensitive to pain, and regenerates slowly after injury)
38
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • act as a pump
  • permit enough fluid to be pressed out to ensure that a fluid film is always present on the surface of the cartilage, even after hours of weight bearing
39
Q

Myoblasts

A
  • primarily cells responsible for muscle growth
  • satellite cells when in dormant state
  • once muscle is injured, satellite cells become activated to form myoblasts and assist in repair
40
Q

Skeletal muscle composition

A
  • 75% water, 20% protein, 5% organic and inorganic materials

- over 350 named muscles, most are paired

41
Q

Fusiform muscles

A
  • elongated muscles that are shaped similar to straps

- run from one joint to another

42
Q

Pennate muscles

A

-broad, flat, slightly fan shaped

43
Q

Whole muscle

A
  • Fascia (organ encased in three part framework of connective tissue)
  • epimysium (outermost layer an forms the tendon)
  • tendon
  • permysium
  • fascicles
  • endomysium
  • Outer to inner: bone, tendon, fascia, muscle, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicle, muscle fiber/cell
44
Q

Skeletal muscles: Voluntary

A

-directly controlled by CNS

45
Q

Striated skeletal muscles

A
  • striped pattern of skeletal muscle

- results from organization of muscle fibers into the contractile units called sacromeres

46
Q

Extrafusal skeletal muscles

A

-distinguishes skeletal muscle fibers from other contractile fibers

47
Q

Motor unit

A
  • Anterior horn cells, its axon, and muscle fiber
  • functional unit of the neuromuscular system
  • behaves as single entity
48
Q

Innervation ratio

A
  • motor units per muscle
  • greater the innervation ratio of a particular muscle, greater its endurance
  • High: prevents fatigue
  • Low: precision movement
49
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • send signals to CNS
  • spindles: mechanoreceptors that respond to muscle stretching
  • secrete proteoglycan called neuroregulin
  • responsible for muscle stretch response and tone
50
Q

Muscle fibers

A
  • each fiber is a single muscle cell
  • myofibrils: functional units of contraction
  • white muscle (type ll fibers): fast
  • red muscle (type l fibers): slow
  • muscle membrane
51
Q

muscle membrane

A
  • sarcolemma: propagates impulse

- basement membrane: maintains cell’s shape

52
Q

Muscle fibers

A
  • sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle cell)
  • sarcotubular system
  • sarcomere (composed of proteins actin, myosin, titin, nebulin)
53
Q

Muscle proteins and nonproteins

A
  • M proteins contains creatinine kinase (CK)
  • -Released when muscle cells are damaged
  • actin and myosin (most abundant)
  • muscle metabolism: nitrogen, creatine, creatinine, phosphocreatine, purines, uric acid, amino acids
54
Q

Muscle contraction

A
  • Ryanodine receptors (RyRs): primary ion channels that control calcium release in muscle
  • -RyR1: skeletal muscle
  • -RyR2: cardiac muscle
  • -RyR3: diaphragm, smooth muscle, and brain
55
Q

Phases of muscle contraction

A

-excitation, coupling, contraction, relaxation

56
Q

Excitation

A

-spread of action potential from nerve terminal to the neuromuscular junction

57
Q

Coupling

A

-release of Ca leaves actin free to bind w/ myosin

58
Q

Contraction

A
  • “All or nothing”

- cross bridge that causes muscle to shorten (sliding-filament theory or cross bridge theory)

59
Q

Relaxation

A

-cross bridge detaches and a sarcomere lengthens as calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

Muscle metabolism

A
  • Requires constant supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine
  • oxygen debt: amount of oxygen needed to convert the buildup of lactic acid to glucose and replenish ATP and phosphocreatine stores
61
Q

Muscle mechanics

A 
Agonist
-prime mover
-contracts
Antagonist
-reciprocal muscle
-relaxes
62
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A
  • Uses sensitive needle electrodes: muscle is recorded

- helps differentiate muscle diseases from peripheral nerve and neuromusclar junction disorders

Anatomy and Physiology-DNP (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions