Structure and Function

Question 1

What are the three properties of cells?

Answer 1

metabolism, growth, and evolution

Question 2

Describe metabolism in cells

Answer 2

cells take up nutrients and expel then as waste

Question 3

Describe growth in cells

Answer 3

nutrients from the environment become new cell material with become new cells

Question 4

Describe evolution in cell

Answer 4

cells evolve and display new properties, shown in phylogenic trees

Question 5

Define differentiation

Answer 5

some cells form new structures

Question 6

Define communication

Answer 6

interactions via chemical messengers

Question 7

Define genetic exchange

Answer 7

DNA from donor to recipient via several mechanisms

Question 8

Define motility

Answer 8

self-propulsion

Question 9

What are the genetic functions of cells?

Answer 9

DNA replication, transcription, RNA translation into proteins

Question 10

What are the catalytic functions of cells?

Answer 10

energy conservation, metabolism, enzymes

Question 11

Why are smaller cells more efficient?

Answer 11

the ratio of surface area/volume

Question 12

What are the parts of prokaryotes?

Answer 12

cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, cytosol, ribosomes, nucleoid

Question 13

What are the parts of eukaryote cells?

Answer 13

nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, cell/cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Question 14

What is the role of the membrane?

Answer 14

prevents leakage, functions as a gateway for transport in/out, anchors proteins, site of the usage and conservation of the proton motive force

Question 15

What is the ratio of PRO to lipids in the membrane?

Answer 15

<50%

Question 16

What are the types of membrane PRO?

Answer 16

sensors, adhesions, transporters, enzymes

Question 17

Describe the phospholipid bilayer (bacteria and eukaryotes)

Answer 17

hydrophilic exterior, hydrophobic interior; phosphatidylethanolamine+2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate+ethanolamine

Question 18

Describe the membrane of archaea

Answer 18

either bilayer or monolayer

Question 19

How is the membrane stabilized?

Answer 19

in eukaryotes it is stabilized with sterols, in bacteria/archaea it is stabilized by hopanoids

Question 20

What is the makeup of sterols?

Answer 20

polar head (rigid planar ring structure)+non-polar hydrocarbon chain

Question 21

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?

Answer 21

linear, double stranded, generally diploid, packages in chromosomes within the nucleus

Question 22

Define chromosome

Answer 22

chromatin fibres made by histone packages

Question 23

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 23

stress the DNA that codes for rRNA, a ribosomal PRO

Question 24

How is DNA stored in bacteria/archaea?

Answer 24

circular, double stranded, generally haploid, packaged with PRO to form chromosomes, DNA is in the cytoplasm, rRNA is encoded on the chromosome, may also contains plasmids

Question 25

Proteins are made by ___ (replicated by ___)'s ___ strand being transcribed by ___, which creates ___ which is translated in the ___ to form amino acids

Answer 25

DNA/DNA polymerase/bottom/RNA polymerase/RNA/ribosome

Question 26

What is the ribosome?

Answer 26

made up of rRNA and PRO, translates mRNA to amino acid chains to form PRO

Question 27

Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotes?

Answer 27

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotes?

Answer 28

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 29

___ subunit ribosomes are in eukaryotes and ___ subunit are in prokaryotes

Answer 29

80/70

Question 30

Define Svedberg unit

Answer 30

description of a state of sedimentation of particle in ultracentrifuge, proportional to size, shape, and density, but not a linear relationship