Eukarya

Question 1

Cell wall is composed of ___ (___ in fungus, ___ in plants/algae, ___, or ___)

Answer 1

polysaccharides/chitin/cellulose/galactose/mannose

Question 2

Nucleus contains ___ (___ is loosely packed and easily transcribed while ___ is densely packed with low levels of transcription)

Answer 2

chromatin/euchromatin/heterochromatin

Question 3

Nucleus is surrounded by a ___ membrane

Answer 3

double

Question 4

What is allowed to enter the nucleus?

Answer 4

nucleotides, ATP, DNA/RNA polymerase, transcription factors

Question 5

What exits the nucleus?

Answer 5

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

Question 6

mRNA for ___ PRO stays free in the cytoplasm while mRNA for ___ PRO, ___ PRO, and ___ PRO is directed to the ER

Answer 6

cytoplasmic/membrane/secreted/vesicular

Question 7

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 7

system of phospholipid membrane channels

Question 8

What makes the rough ER different from the smooth ER?

Answer 8

it is embedded with ribosomes

Question 9

What are the functions of the rough ER? (In steps)

Answer 9

1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome
2. PRO synthesis begins
3. signal recognition particle (SRP) binds to signal peptide
4. SRP attaches to the receptor, translocator channel opens, polypeptide enters ER
5. signal peptidase removes signal peptide
6. ribosome subunits and mRNA break away
7. PRO folds into final shape

Question 10

Smooth ER is involved in ___ synthesis

Answer 10

lipid

Question 11

What is the Golgi body?

Answer 11

set of membrane compartments involved in further processing of PRO and their distribution, the PRO are packed in int vesicles and transported

Question 12

What are lysosomes?

Answer 12

internal vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes required for degradation of materials brought in by phase/endocytosis

Question 13

Mitochondria produce most of the ___. They can ___ some PRO while others are ___

Answer 13

ATP/synthesize/imported

Question 14

List and briefly describe the parts of the mitochondria:

Answer 14

1. outer membrane: many porins make it very permeable
2. inner membrane: 75% PRO and 25% lipid, contains transport PRO, enzymes, cytochromes, and ATPases
3. matrix: contains enzymes from citric acid cycle, DNA and 70s ribosomes

Question 15

What are the parts of the chloroplast?

Answer 15

outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid, stroma

Question 16

Thylakoids contain ___ and ___ that harvest ___ energy and membrane-bound ___ that use energy to produce ___

Answer 16

pigments/enzymes/light/ATPases/ATP

Question 17

Describe the eukaryotic cytoskeleton

Answer 17

complex network of PRO filaments that organize cytoplasm and give cell its shape

Question 18

What are the types of cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

microtubule, actin filament, intermediate filament

Question 19

Describe microtubules

Answer 19

they grow from the centrosome and transport organelles around the cytoplasm, kinesis and dyeing attach to the organelles and “walk” on microtubules to transport

Question 20

What are centrioles?

Answer 20

organizing centres for microtubule arrays, composed of one complete and two half microtubules (triplets)

Question 21

What are basal bodies?

Answer 21

centrioles near the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 22

What are cilia/flagella?

Answer 22

9 sets of microtubule doublets covered by plasma membrane, dynein arms slide doublets past each other for movement