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LSCI 230 > Metabolism and Energetics > Flashcards

Metabolism and Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes must be able to use available ___ from their environment to make all ___/___ required for ___, ___, and ___

A

nutrients/macromolecules/chemicals/survival/growth/replication

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

production of macromolecules/chemicals from building blocks and ATP

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3
Q

What is the reducing power for anabolism provided by?

A

NAD(P)H+H

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4
Q

What is catabolism?

A

generation of energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH+H) from nutrients, byproducts may be used for anabolism

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5
Q

culture medium is ___ to the microbe

A

specific

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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed for reaction

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7
Q

What is delta G?

A

free energy

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8
Q

What do negative and positive values of delta G represent?

A

negative: release of energy
positive: absorption of energy

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9
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the energy required to put all molecules into reactive state

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10
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that lowers activation energy without changing the free energy, only changing the rate

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11
Q

REDOX reactions exist in pairs because e- cannot exist in ___, ___ of one substance is linked to the ___ of another

A

solution/oxidation/reduction

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12
Q

Oxidation is ___ of e-, reduction is ___ of e-

A

loss/gain

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13
Q

The e- donor is the ___ source

A

energy

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14
Q

___ provide the reducing power for the reactions

A

electron carriers

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15
Q

Energy-rich compounds are rich because they have high energy ___ that, when broken, release lots of energy

A

bonds

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16
Q

What are the three basic metabolic pathways?

A

glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and tricarboxylic acid pathways

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17
Q

What are the two series of reactions?

A

fermentation and respiration

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18
Q

Briefly describe fermentation

A

organic compounds are e- donors and acceptors, ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

Briefly describe respiration

A

organic compounds are oxidized to CO2 with O2 or a substitute as the final e- acceptor, most ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

A
  • 1 glucose –> 2 pyruvate
  • 2ATP (substrate level)
  • 2NADH+H
21
Q

What is the net yield of the citric acid cycle per cycle?

A
  • pyruvate –> acetyl-CoA
  • 2 CO2
  • 1GTP–> 1ATP
  • 3NADH+H
  • 1FADH2
22
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

23
Q

What is the succinate dehydrogenase?

A

large PRO complex located in the membrane, linked to the citric acid cycle

24
Q

What is the result of full oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

A

CO2

25
Q

___ must be regenerated or TCA cycle stops

A

oxaloacetate

26
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

process that uses energy produced by respiration to synthesize ATP

27
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic has O2 as the final e- acceptor

28
Q

What is the respiration chain?

A

a series of e- and H+ carriers that undergo redox reactions

29
Q

(ETC) When a reduced substance is oxidized (___) the ___ are transferred to a ___ carrier (FMN), the ___ are then transferred to the next carrier in the sequence

A

NADH/H+/H+/H+

30
Q

(ETC) is the next carrier is an e- carrier the e- will be ___ and the protons will be ___, if the carrier after is a proton carrier ___ protons must be ___

A

accepted/released to the outer phase/2/taken in

31
Q

In the final steps of the ETC, ___ and ___ from the ___ phase reduce O2–>H2O

A

2e-/2H+/inner

32
Q

What are the official names and carriers for:

complex I, Q, complex II, complex III, cyt c, and complex IV

A

complex 1: NADH dehydrogenase, FMN (H+ carrier) and Fe-S (e- carrier)
Q: quinione (H+ carrier)
complex II: succinate dehydrogenase, FAD (H+ carrier)
complex III: cytochrome bc, Fe-S (e- carrier)
cyt c: cytochrome C (e- carrier)
complex IV: (e- carrier)

33
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

the result of respiration generates a transmembrane proton gradient which is a potential source of energy used to drive other energy requiring reactions

34
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

synthesis of ATP using the PMF

35
Q

What is the proton motive force equation?

A

(pff) = (membrane potential) - [(z conversion factor)(transmembrane gradient)]

36
Q

What is the net yield of energy from respiration?

A

2ATP+6ATP+(2x1ATP)+(2x2ATP)+(2x12ATP)=38ATP

37
Q

When does fermentation happen?

A

When the terminal e- acceptor isn’t available (O2) succinate cannot be oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase in the ETC

38
Q

Glycolysis can happen as long as ___ can be oxidized back to ___

A

NADH+H/NAD

39
Q

In fermentation ___ is the e- donor and ___ is the final electron acceptor

A

an organic compound/an organic degradation product

40
Q

What is the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

an alternative to glycolysis, NADPH is used as the reducing power to convert glucose to other sugars, this contributes to a diversity of sugars in the cytoplasm

41
Q

In the pentose phosphate pathway, ___ may be used to produce ribose then ___

A

ribose 5-phosphate/deoxyribose

42
Q

What are the net products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A
  • 2NADPH
  • 2CO2
  • a sugar
43
Q

What are some other roles of the citric acid cycle?

A
  • alpha-ketoglutarate becomes the glutamate family

- oxaloacetate becomes the aspartate family

44
Q

What are anapleurotic pathways?

A

pathways that feed the citric acid cycle intermediates

45
Q

What are some locations of catabolism in eukaryotes?

A

TCA cycle, respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and glycolysis and fermentation are in the cytoplasm

46
Q

What are some locations of catabolism in prokaryotes?

A

respiratory chain in the cytoplasmic membrane, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and fermentation in the cytoplasm

47
Q

True or false: the pentose phosphate pathway occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

true

LSCI 230 (9 decks)

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