Metabolism and Energetics

Question 1

Microbes must be able to use available ___ from their environment to make all ___/___ required for ___, ___, and ___

Answer 1

nutrients/macromolecules/chemicals/survival/growth/replication

Question 2

What is anabolism?

Answer 2

production of macromolecules/chemicals from building blocks and ATP

Question 3

What is the reducing power for anabolism provided by?

Answer 3

NAD(P)H+H

Question 4

What is catabolism?

Answer 4

generation of energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH+H) from nutrients, byproducts may be used for anabolism

Question 5

culture medium is ___ to the microbe

Answer 5

specific

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed for reaction

Question 7

What is delta G?

Answer 7

free energy

Question 8

What do negative and positive values of delta G represent?

Answer 8

negative: release of energy
positive: absorption of energy

Question 9

What is activation energy?

Answer 9

the energy required to put all molecules into reactive state

Question 10

What is a catalyst?

Answer 10

a substance that lowers activation energy without changing the free energy, only changing the rate

Question 11

REDOX reactions exist in pairs because e- cannot exist in ___, ___ of one substance is linked to the ___ of another

Answer 11

solution/oxidation/reduction

Question 12

Oxidation is ___ of e-, reduction is ___ of e-

Answer 12

loss/gain

Question 13

The e- donor is the ___ source

Answer 13

energy

Question 14

___ provide the reducing power for the reactions

Answer 14

electron carriers

Question 15

Energy-rich compounds are rich because they have high energy ___ that, when broken, release lots of energy

Answer 15

bonds

Question 16

What are the three basic metabolic pathways?

Answer 16

glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and tricarboxylic acid pathways

Question 17

What are the two series of reactions?

Answer 17

fermentation and respiration

Question 18

Briefly describe fermentation

Answer 18

organic compounds are e- donors and acceptors, ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 19

Briefly describe respiration

Answer 19

organic compounds are oxidized to CO2 with O2 or a substitute as the final e- acceptor, most ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

Answer 20

• 1 glucose –> 2 pyruvate
• 2ATP (substrate level)
• 2NADH+H

Question 21

What is the net yield of the citric acid cycle per cycle?

Answer 21

• pyruvate –> acetyl-CoA
• 2 CO2
• 1GTP–> 1ATP
• 3NADH+H
• 1FADH2

Question 22

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

Answer 22

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 23

What is the succinate dehydrogenase?

Answer 23

large PRO complex located in the membrane, linked to the citric acid cycle

Question 24

What is the result of full oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

Answer 24

CO2

Question 25

___ must be regenerated or TCA cycle stops

Answer 25

oxaloacetate

Question 26

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 26

process that uses energy produced by respiration to synthesize ATP

Question 27

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

aerobic has O2 as the final e- acceptor

Question 28

What is the respiration chain?

Answer 28

a series of e- and H+ carriers that undergo redox reactions

Question 29

(ETC) When a reduced substance is oxidized (___) the ___ are transferred to a ___ carrier (FMN), the ___ are then transferred to the next carrier in the sequence

Answer 29

NADH/H+/H+/H+

Question 30

(ETC) is the next carrier is an e- carrier the e- will be ___ and the protons will be ___, if the carrier after is a proton carrier ___ protons must be ___

Answer 30

accepted/released to the outer phase/2/taken in

Question 31

In the final steps of the ETC, ___ and ___ from the ___ phase reduce O2-->H2O

Answer 31

2e-/2H+/inner

Question 32

What are the official names and carriers for: | complex I, Q, complex II, complex III, cyt c, and complex IV

Answer 32

complex 1: NADH dehydrogenase, FMN (H+ carrier) and Fe-S (e- carrier) Q: quinione (H+ carrier) complex II: succinate dehydrogenase, FAD (H+ carrier) complex III: cytochrome bc, Fe-S (e- carrier) cyt c: cytochrome C (e- carrier) complex IV: (e- carrier)

Question 33

What is the proton motive force?

Answer 33

the result of respiration generates a transmembrane proton gradient which is a potential source of energy used to drive other energy requiring reactions

Question 34

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 34

synthesis of ATP using the PMF

Question 35

What is the proton motive force equation?

Answer 35

(pff) = (membrane potential) - [(z conversion factor)(transmembrane gradient)]

Question 36

What is the net yield of energy from respiration?

Answer 36

2ATP+6ATP+(2x1ATP)+(2x2ATP)+(2x12ATP)=38ATP

Question 37

When does fermentation happen?

Answer 37

When the terminal e- acceptor isn't available (O2) succinate cannot be oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase in the ETC

Question 38

Glycolysis can happen as long as ___ can be oxidized back to ___

Answer 38

NADH+H/NAD

Question 39

In fermentation ___ is the e- donor and ___ is the final electron acceptor

Answer 39

an organic compound/an organic degradation product

Question 40

What is the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 40

an alternative to glycolysis, NADPH is used as the reducing power to convert glucose to other sugars, this contributes to a diversity of sugars in the cytoplasm

Question 41

In the pentose phosphate pathway, ___ may be used to produce ribose then ___

Answer 41

ribose 5-phosphate/deoxyribose

Question 42

What are the net products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 42

- 2NADPH - 2CO2 - a sugar

Question 43

What are some other roles of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 43

- alpha-ketoglutarate becomes the glutamate family | - oxaloacetate becomes the aspartate family

Question 44

What are anapleurotic pathways?

Answer 44

pathways that feed the citric acid cycle intermediates

Question 45

What are some locations of catabolism in eukaryotes?

Answer 45

TCA cycle, respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and glycolysis and fermentation are in the cytoplasm

Question 46

What are some locations of catabolism in prokaryotes?

Answer 46

respiratory chain in the cytoplasmic membrane, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and fermentation in the cytoplasm

Question 47

True or false: the pentose phosphate pathway occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 47

true