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LSCI 230 > Metabolic Diversity > Flashcards

Metabolic Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of oxygen requirements?

A
  • aerobes: require O2 for growth
  • anaerobes: O2 not required for growth
  • facultative aerobe: O2 is not required but it does enhance growth
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2
Q

What are the options for energy sources?

A

chemicals or light

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3
Q

What are the options for e- sources?

A

organic or inorganic compounds

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4
Q

What are the options for carbon sources?

A

organic or inorganic

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5
Q

Where do phototrophs get their energy from?

A

light

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6
Q

Where do chemoorganotrophs get their energy from?

A

organic chemicals

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7
Q

Where do chemolithotrophs get their energy from?

A

inorganic chemicals

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8
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their carbon from?

A

organic compounds

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9
Q

Where do autotrophs get their carbon from?

A

CO2 (inorganic)

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10
Q

What is the formula for sulphur respiration and who uses it?

A

HS- to S0

facultative aerobes and obligate anaerobes

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11
Q

What is the formula for sulphate respiration/reduction and who uses it?

A

HS- to (SO3)2-

obligate anaerobes

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12
Q

What is the formula for nitrate respiration and who uses it?

A

NO2- to NO3-

facultative aerobes

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13
Q

What is the formula for denitrification and who uses it?

A

N2 to NO3-

facultative aerobes

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14
Q

Denitrifying bacteria use ___ sources of energy/C/e-

A

organic

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15
Q

Denitrifying bacteria: N compounds are common ___ (anaerobic), N2/NO/N2O are gasses that are commonly ___ (this is ___ for agriculture and ___ for sewage treatment)

A

final e- acceptor/lost/bad/good

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16
Q

What are the two steps of denitrifying?

A
  1. nitrate reduction (NO3–>NO2) ex. E. coli using nitrate reductase
  2. denitrifying: NO3–>NO2 (nitrate reductase) –> NO –> N2O –> N2
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17
Q

What is the energy/C/e- source for sulphate and sulphur reduction?

A

organic compounds

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18
Q

Bacteria can use ___ or ___ as e- acceptors and can use either organic or inorganic compounds for ___, it uses ___ as the terminal e- acceptor and ___ as the e- donor

A

(SO4)2/(SO3)2/e- donor/S0/acetate or ethanol or organic compounds

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19
Q

What is responsible for the rotten egg smell and is the end product of sulphur reduction?

A

H2S

20
Q

True or false: in phototrophs the light sensitive pigments have diverse absorption spectrums

A

true

21
Q

Define the reaction centre

A

the small fraction of pigments in the photo complexes formed by bacteriophyll/chlorophyll and PRO that participate directly in photosynthesis

22
Q

pigments surrounding the reaction centre act as ___ to ___ and ___ to the reaction centre

A

antennae/harvest light/funnel energy

23
Q

Describe carotenoids:

A

hydrophobic, light-sensitive pigments embedded in the photosynthetic membrane, their primary role is to protect from light damage

24
Q

What are phycobilins?

A

they form complexes with PRO that are the main light harvesting system in cyanobacteria and harvest light from different wavelengths than chlorophyll

25
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen in eukaryotes?

A

A pmf is generated across the thylakoid membrane (in the chloroplast)

26
Q

The stroma is ___ and the thylakoid space is ___

A

alkaline and negative/acid and positive

27
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen in bacteria?

A

the pigments are integrated int the internal membranes (heliobacteria=cytoplasmic membrane, purple bacteria=intracytoplasmic membrane, cyanobacteria/prochlorophytes=thylakoid membrane)

28
Q

What are chlorosomes?

A

Present in green sulphur and non-sulphur bacteria, they are large antennae networks of bacteriophylls (c, d, and e) that transfer energy to the reaction centre ( bacteriophyll a)

29
Q

What is the best system to capture light in low light environments?

A

Chlorosome

30
Q

Describe anoxygenic photosynthesis in purple bacteria

A
  • H+ accumulates in the periplasm/vesicles/intracytoplasmic membrane
  • cytoplasm is -
  • light enters LH II and LH I and transports the electrons through the system
  • NADH is made by reverse e- flow (e- go from C2 to C1 to reduce NAD)
  • very low yield
31
Q

Describe an oxygenic photosynthesis in green bacteria

A
  • cyclic phosphorylation: no need for e- donor because e the e- cycle and create a pmf
  • reducing power=needs an e- donor for NAD->NADH (ferredoxin), oxidation of reduced S compounds is an e- source
  • two parallel systems: pmf->ATP and NAD->NADH
32
Q

Describe oxygenic phosphorylation

A

H2O->O2+2H+2e-, e- ->e- chain->NADPH (creates pmf->ATP)

  • noncyclic phosphorylation: pair of e- is used to produce pmf and NADPH
  • when reducing power is enough for cell needs e- return to cyt bf because there is no need for additional e- source (cyclic)
33
Q

In some cyanobacteria, H2S ___ PSII so ___ H2S becomes the main source of ___ which makes the e- chain become ___.
e- from ___ -> e- chain that creates ___
e- from ___ -> e- chain->NADPH

A

inhibits/oxidized/e-/anoxygenic
P700
H2S

34
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A
  • primary producers

- inorganic energy/e-/C source

35
Q

What classification do nitrifying bacteria and sulphur bacteria fall under?

A

Chemoautotrophs

36
Q

Nitrifying bacteria use ___ as e- donor

A

inorganic N compounds

37
Q

What do the two groups of nitrifying bacteria do and what is the total result?

A
  1. HN3->NO3 (ox)
  2. NO2->NO3 (ox)
    =NH3->NO3 (nitrification)
38
Q

Is nitrification aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

39
Q

For nitrosomonas: ___ is the final e- acceptor, 2e- are supplied by ___ which allows AMO to ___ NH3. NADH is produced by ___ (pmf energy source).

A

O2/Q/oxidize/reverse e- flow

40
Q

For nitrobacter: ___ is the final e- acceptor, NXR=___, NADH produced by ___ with pmf energy source

A

O2/nitrite reductase/reverse e- flow

41
Q

What do sulphur bacteria do?

A
  • oxidize S compounds
  • O2 is final e- acceptor
  • produces SO4 and protons
42
Q

What do methanogens do? What is the formula?

A

produce CH4 anaerobic

4H + CO2 -> CH4 + 2H2O + energy/ CH3COOH->CH4+CO2+energy

43
Q

What do methanotrophs do? What is the formula?

A

use CH4 as an energy source aerobically

CH4->CH3OH->CH2O->HCOO->CO2

44
Q

Where is CO2/Calvin cycle?

A

photoautotrophs (algae, cyanobacteria, purple sulphur bacteria, green sulphur bacteria), chemoautotrophs (nitrifying bacteria, sulphur bacteria, some methanogens), eukaryotes (in stroma), prokaryotes (in chloroplasts)

45
Q

What is the net reaction for the Calvin cycle?

A

6CO2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP -> C6H12O6(PO3H2) + 12NADP + 18ADP + 17Pi

LSCI 230 (9 decks)

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