Structure and Bonding Flashcards
What are the states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
How are particles arranged in a solid?
In regular rows and touching
How are particles arranged in a liquid?
Irregular but touching
How are particles arranged in a gas?
Irregular not touching & far apart
What is the movement of particles in a solid?
Vibrate only
What is the movement of particles in a liquid?
Moving over each other
What is the movement of particles in a gas?
Moving freely and colliding with each other
What are the forces between particles in a solid?
Strong
What are the forces between particles in a liquid?
Weaker than in solids
What are the forces between particles in a gas?
Very very weak
What is the kinetic energy in a solid?
Low kinetic energy
What is the kinetic energy in a liquid?
More KE than solid
What is the kinetic energy in a gas?
High kinetic energy
What happens to particles when heated?
They gain kinetic energy to overcome forces and change from solid to liquid to gas.
What happens to particles when cooled?
They lose kinetic energy as new forces form, changing from gas to liquid to solid.
What occurs during melting?
Vibrations in a solid overcome forces of attraction, allowing particles to move around.
Reverse of this is freezing.
What occurs during boiling?
A liquid is heated, and all particles gain enough energy to escape as gas.
Reverse of this is condensing.
What is evaporation?
Particles gain energy, and some move faster than others, escaping the surface.
No bubbling is seen.
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles in a liquid or gas to fill available space.
How does diffusion differ in liquids and gases?
Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases.
What are atoms made up of?
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
What is the structure of an atom?
A nucleus at the center with positively charged protons and neutrons, and negatively charged electrons in energy levels.
Why are atoms neutral?
They have the same number of protons and electrons.
What does the atomic number represent?
The number of protons in an atom.
What does the atomic mass represent?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
What is the mass and charge of a proton?
Mass: 1, Charge: +1, Location: Nucleus
What is the mass and charge of a neutron?
Mass: 1, Charge: 0, Location: Nucleus
What is the mass and charge of an electron?
Mass: 1/1836, Charge: -1, Location: Energy levels around nucleus
What is relative atomic mass?
The average mass of all isotopes of an element compared to Carbon-12.
What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass due to different numbers of neutrons.
How can relative atomic mass be calculated?
Using the formula: (mass of each isotope x % abundance) / 100.
What are molecules?
Made up of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together, e.g., H2, CO2.
What are elements?
Substances made up of only one type of atom, e.g., Iron (Fe).
What are compounds?
Two or more types of atoms/elements chemically bonded together, e.g., Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
What are mixtures?
Two or more elements or compounds mixed without bonds, easily separated without a chemical reaction.
How can mixtures be separated?
By filtration, crystallization, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and paper chromatography.
