Structure and Bonding

Question 1

What are the states of matter?

Answer 1

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Question 2

How are particles arranged in a solid?

Answer 2

In regular rows and touching

Question 3

How are particles arranged in a liquid?

Answer 3

Irregular but touching

Question 4

How are particles arranged in a gas?

Answer 4

Irregular not touching & far apart

Question 5

What is the movement of particles in a solid?

Answer 5

Vibrate only

Question 6

What is the movement of particles in a liquid?

Answer 6

Moving over each other

Question 7

What is the movement of particles in a gas?

Answer 7

Moving freely and colliding with each other

Question 8

What are the forces between particles in a solid?

Answer 8

Strong

Question 9

What are the forces between particles in a liquid?

Answer 9

Weaker than in solids

Question 10

What are the forces between particles in a gas?

Answer 10

Very very weak

Question 11

What is the kinetic energy in a solid?

Answer 11

Low kinetic energy

Question 12

What is the kinetic energy in a liquid?

Answer 12

More KE than solid

Question 13

What is the kinetic energy in a gas?

Answer 13

High kinetic energy

Question 14

What happens to particles when heated?

Answer 14

They gain kinetic energy to overcome forces and change from solid to liquid to gas.

Question 15

What happens to particles when cooled?

Answer 15

They lose kinetic energy as new forces form, changing from gas to liquid to solid.

Question 16

What occurs during melting?

Answer 16

Vibrations in a solid overcome forces of attraction, allowing particles to move around.

Reverse of this is freezing.

Question 17

What occurs during boiling?

Answer 17

A liquid is heated, and all particles gain enough energy to escape as gas.

Reverse of this is condensing.

Question 18

What is evaporation?

Answer 18

Particles gain energy, and some move faster than others, escaping the surface.

No bubbling is seen.

Question 19

What is diffusion?

Answer 19

Movement of particles in a liquid or gas to fill available space.

Question 20

How does diffusion differ in liquids and gases?

Answer 20

Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases.

Question 21

What are atoms made up of?

Answer 21

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Question 22

What is the structure of an atom?

Answer 22

A nucleus at the center with positively charged protons and neutrons, and negatively charged electrons in energy levels.

Question 23

Why are atoms neutral?

Answer 23

They have the same number of protons and electrons.

Question 24

What does the atomic number represent?

Answer 24

The number of protons in an atom.

Question 25

What does the atomic mass represent?

Answer 25

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Question 26

What is the mass and charge of a proton?

Answer 26

Mass: 1, Charge: +1, Location: Nucleus

Question 27

What is the mass and charge of a neutron?

Answer 27

Mass: 1, Charge: 0, Location: Nucleus

Question 28

What is the mass and charge of an electron?

Answer 28

Mass: 1/1836, Charge: -1, Location: Energy levels around nucleus

Question 29

What is relative atomic mass?

Answer 29

The average mass of all isotopes of an element compared to Carbon-12.

Question 30

What are isotopes?

Answer 30

Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass due to different numbers of neutrons.

Question 31

How can relative atomic mass be calculated?

Answer 31

Using the formula: (mass of each isotope x % abundance) / 100.

Question 32

What are molecules?

Answer 32

Made up of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together, e.g., H2, CO2.

Question 33

What are elements?

Answer 33

Substances made up of only one type of atom, e.g., Iron (Fe).

Question 34

What are compounds?

Answer 34

Two or more types of atoms/elements chemically bonded together, e.g., Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

Question 35

What are mixtures?

Answer 35

Two or more elements or compounds mixed without bonds, easily separated without a chemical reaction.

Question 36

How can mixtures be separated?

Answer 36

By filtration, crystallization, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and paper chromatography.