Structure Flashcards
Consensual standard that identifies preferable, positively sanctioned behaviors.
Prescriptive norm
Consensual standard that identifies
prohibited, negatively sanctioned behaviors.
Proscriptive norm
Consensual standard that describes how people typically act, feel, and think in a given situation
Descriptive norm
Evaluative consensual standard that
describes how people should act, feel, and think in a given situation rather than how people do act, feel, and think in that situation.
Injunctive norm
When members of a group privately vary in outlook and expectations, but publicly they all act similarly because they believe that they are the only ones whose personal views are different from the rest of the group
Pluralistic ignorance
Increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the
scope of these roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized.
Role differentiation
Any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that promote completion of tasks and activities, such as initiating structure, providing
task-related feedback, and setting goals
Task role
Any position in a group occupied by a
member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members, such as showing concern for the feelings of others, reducing conflict, and enhancing feelings of satisfaction and trust in the group
Relationship role
Pattern of change in the relationship between an individual and a group that begins when an individual first considers joining the group and ends when he or she leaves it.
Group socialization
Unclear expectations about the behaviors to be performed by an individual occupying a particular position within the group
Role ambiguity
State of tension, distress, or uncertainty
caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s role in the group
Role conflict
Form of role conflict that occurs when individuals occupy multiple roles within a group and the expectations and behaviors associated with one of their roles are not consistent with the expectations and
behaviors associated with another of their roles
Interrole conflict
Form of role conflict that occurs
when the behaviors that make up a single role are incongruous, often resulting from inconsistent expectations on the part of the person who occupies the role and other
members of the group.
Intrarole conflict
Degree of congruence between the demands
of a specific role and the attitudes, values, skills, and other characteristics of the individual who occupies the role.
Role fit
Set of analysis procedures used to describe the structure through graphic
representations and through mathematical procedures that quantify these structures.
Social network analysis (SNA)
degree of connectedness of group’s members, as indexed by the number of actual ties linking members divided by the number of possible ties.
Density
Number of ties between group members; the group’s degree centrality is the average of
the direct connections among group members.
Degree centrality
For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
initiated by the individual.
Outdegree
For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
received by the individual.
Indegree
The degree to which a group member’s
position in a network is located along a path between other pairs of individuals in the network.
Betweenness
The distance, in terms of ties, of an individual
from all others in the network.
Closeness
Gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, accompanied
by decreases in the authority exercised by other members.
Status differentiation
Stable, ordered pattern of individual
variations in prestige, status, and authority among group members.
Pecking order
Explanation of status differentiation in groups which assumes that group members allocate status to group members judged to be competent at the task at hand and to group members who have qualities that the members think are indicators of
competence and potential.
Expectation-states theory
Status characteristics theory, task-specific behavioral and personal characteristics
that people consider when estimating the relative competency, ability, and social value of themselves and others
Specific status characteristic
Status characteristics theory, general personal qualities such as age, race, and
ethnicity that people consider when estimating the relative competency, ability, and social value of themselves and others.
Diffuse status characteristic
Tendency for individuals known to have achieved or been ascribed authority, respect, and prestige in one context to enjoy relatively
higher status in other, unrelated, contexts
Status generalization
State of being the only group member
who is a representative of a specific social category in an otherwise homogenous group
Solo status
Patterns of liking/disliking, acceptance/rejection, and inclusion/exclusion among members of a group.
Attraction network
Development of stronger and more positive interpersonal ties between some members of the group, accompanied by decreases in the
quality of relations between other members of the group.
Sociometric differentiation
Conceptualization advanced by Fritz
Heider which assumes that interpersonal relationships can be either balanced or unbalanced.
Balance theory
Robert Bales’s theory and observational system which assumes that group activities can be classified along three dimensions (dominance versus submissiveness,
friendliness versus unfriendliness, and acceptance versus nonacceptance of authority) and that groups are more
effective when these three aspects of the group align.
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
