Formation

Question 1

Conceptual model of the primary dimensions that underlie individual differences in personality:

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience

Answer 1

Big Five theory

Question 2

Degree to which an individual tends to seek out social contacts.

Answer 2

Extraversion

Question 3

Degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize, and facilitate establishing and maintaining, connections to others.

Answer 3

Relationality

Question 4

Dispositional tendency to seek out others

Answer 4

Need for affiliation

Question 5

Dispositional tendency to seek warm, positive relationships with others

Answer 5

Need for intimacy

Question 6

Dispositional tendency to seek control over others.

Answer 6

Need for power

Question 7

Theory of group formation and development
proposed by William Schutz that emphasizes compatibility among three basic social motives: inclusion, control, and affection.

Answer 7

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)

Question 8

Feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.

Answer 8

Social anxiety

Question 9

One’s characteristic approach to relationships with other people:

secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing

Answer 9

Attachment style

Question 10

Evaluating the accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others

Answer 10

Social comparison

Question 11

Comparing oneself to others who are performing less effectively relative to
oneself.

Answer 11

Downward social comparison

Question 12

Comparing oneself to others who are performing more effectively relative to
oneself.

Answer 12

Upward social comparison

Question 13

Theory proposed by Abraham Tesser which assumes that individuals maintain and enhance self-esteem by associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that
are not relevant to their own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to their sense of self-esteem.

Answer 13

Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model

Question 14

A sense of belonging, emotional support,
advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and spiritual perspective given to others when they experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises.

Answer 14

Social support

Question 15

Dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others.

Answer 15

Social comparison orientation

Question 16

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups (5)

Answer 16

Belonging
Emotional support
Informational support
Instrumental support
Spiritual support

Question 17

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups

Inclusion in a group

Answer 17

Belonging

Question 18

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups

Expressing caring and concern for one another

Answer 18

Emotional support

Question 19

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups

Providing advice and guidance

Answer 19

Informational support

Question 20

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups

Providing tangible resources

Answer 20

Instrumental support

Question 21

Some Forms of Social Support Provided by Groups

Addressing issues of meaning and purpose

Answer 21

Spiritual support

Question 22

Feelings of desperation, boredom, self deprecation, and depression experienced when individuals feel their personal relationships are too few or too
unsatisfying

Answer 22

Loneliness

Question 23

Tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by.

Answer 23

Proximity principle

Question 24

Tendency for groups to expand as members form dyadic associations with someone
who is not in the group and thereby draw the nonmember into the group.

Answer 24

Elaboration principle

Question 25

Tendency to affiliate with or be attracted to similar others; this tendency causes groups and other interpersonal aggregates to be composed of individuals who are similar to one another rather than dissimilar.

Answer 25

Similarity principle

Question 26

Tendency for group members to display
certain affinities, such as similarities in demographic background, attitudes, values, or so on; the overall degree of similarity of individuals within the same group.

Answer 26

Homophily

Question 27

Tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar to them in ways that complement their personal qualities.

Answer 27

Complementarity principle

Question 28

As described by William Schutz, compatibility between group members based on their similar needs for inclusion, control, and affection.

Answer 28

Interchange compatibility

Question 29

Tendency for liking to be met with liking in return; if A likes B then B will tend to like A.

Answer 29

Reciprocity principle

Question 30

Tendency to prefer relationships and group memberships that provide the maximum
number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number of possible costs.

Answer 30

Minimax principle

Question 31

In John Thibaut and Harold Kelley’s social exchange theory, the standard by which individuals evaluate the quality of other groups that they may join.

Answer 31

Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)