Intergroup Relations

Question 1

A field study performed by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif and their colleagues that examined the causes and consequences of conflict between two groups of boys at Robbers Cave State Park in
Oklahoma.

Answer 1

Robbers Cave Experiment

Question 2

A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy.

Answer 2

Realistic group conflict theory

Question 3

The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups,
relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals.

Answer 3

Discontinuity effect

Question 4

An approach to oppression and domination assuming that conflict between groups results from dynamic tensions between
hierarchically ranked groups within society

Answer 4

Social dominance theory

Question 5

An explanation of intergroup conflict
arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstances is released by taking hostile actions against members of other social groups.

Answer 5

Scapegoat theory

Question 6

The belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions, or countries.

Answer 6

Ethnocentrism

Question 7

The tendency to consider the actions and attributes of one’s own group as positive,
fair, and appropriate, but to consider these very same behaviors or displays to be negative, unfair, and inappropriate when the outgroup performs them.

Answer 7

Double-standard thinking

Question 8

The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very
similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is more heterogeneous.

Answer 8

Outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 9

The tendency for people to base sweeping generalizations about an entire group on observations of a small number of individuals from that group

Answer 9

Law of small numbers

Question 10

The tendency for perceivers to assume that specific group members’ personal characteristics and preferences, including their beliefs, attitudes, and decisions, are similar to the preferences of the group
to which they belong

Answer 10

Group attribution error

Question 11

The tendency for perceivers to attribute negative actions performed by members of
the outgroup to dispositional qualities and positive actions to situational, fluctuating circumstances.

Answer 11

Ultimate attribution error

Question 12

The tendency to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviors more
abstractly and negative ingroup and positive outgroup behaviors more concretely

Answer 12

Linguistic intergroup bias

Question 13

A socially shared set of cognitive generalizations

Answer 13

Stereotype

Question 14

A theory of group perception positing that people’s stereotyped views about social
groups reflect their beliefs about the warmth and competence of the stereotyped group.

Answer 14

Stereotype content model

Question 15

A psychological process whereby opponents in a conflict come to view each other as undeserving of morally mandated rights and protections.

Answer 15

Moral exclusion

Question 16

Believing that other individuals or entire groups of individuals lack the qualities thought to distinguish human beings from other animals

Answer 16

Dehumanization

Question 17

The prediction that contact between the members of different groups will reduce intergroup conflict.

Answer 17

Contact hypothesis

Question 18

A goal that can only be attained if
the members of two or more groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources.

Answer 18

Superordinate goal

Question 19

Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group.

Answer 19

Decategorization

Question 20

An analysis of recategorization processes and conflict predicting that intergroup conflict can be reduced by emphasizing membership in inclusive social categories and the interdependence of the individuals in the groups.

Answer 20

Common ingroup identity model

Question 21

A reduction of social categorization
tendencies by collapsing groups in conflict into a single group or category.

Answer 21

Recategorization

Question 22

A reduction of the impact of social categorization on individuals’ perceptions by making salient their memberships in two or more social groups or categories that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup–outgroup tensions.

Answer 22

Cross-categorization

Question 23

A team-learning technique that involves assigning topics to each student, allowing students with the same topics to study together, and then requiring these
students to teach their topics to the other members of their groups.

Answer 23

Jigsaw method