Inclusion & Identity

Question 1

Dispositional tendency to seek out and join with other humans.

Answer 1

Need to belong

Question 2

Degree of functional interconnectedness of a group of people thought to promote coordinated action for mutual benefit

Answer 2

Social capital

Question 3

Excluding a person or group of people from a
group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Answer 3

Ostracism

Question 4

Physiological response to stressful events characterized by the activation of the
sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, pupil dilation) that readies the individual to counter the threat (fight) or to escape the threat (flight).

Answer 4

Fight-or-flight response

Question 5

Interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors (tending)
and by seeking out connections to other people (befriending).

Answer 5

Tend-and-befriend response

Question 6

Exclusion of one or more individuals from a technologically mediated group interaction,
such as a computer-based discussion group.

Answer 6

Cyberostracism

Question 7

Conceptual analysis of self-esteem
proposed by Mark Leary that argues self-esteem is not an index of perceived self-worth, but instead is a psychological monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in
social groups.

Answer 7

Sociometer theory

Question 8

Tradition, ideology, or personal outlook
that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals.

Answer 8

Individualism

Question 9

A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Answer 9

Collectivism

Question 10

Interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the
relationship.

Answer 10

Exchange relationship

Question 11

Interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves
receive.

Answer 11

Communal relationship

Question 12

Social standard that enjoins individuals to pay back in kind what they receive from
others.

Answer 12

Norm of reciprocity

Question 13

Social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs.

Answer 13

Equity norm

Question 14

Social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members.

Answer 14

Equality norm

Question 15

Described by Jean Jacques Rousseau,
an agreement, often only implicitly recognized, that obligates the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.”

Answer 15

Social contract

Question 16

Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective,
and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (egocentric).

Answer 16

Self-serving

Question 17

Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (sociocentric).

Answer 17

Group-serving

Question 18

An experimental bargaining situation in which one individual, the allocator, must propose a division of a shared resource to other members; if they reject the allocator’s proposal, no one receives any of the resource.

Answer 18

Ultimatum Game

Question 19

“me” component of the self concept that derives from individualistic qualities such
as traits, beliefs, and skills

Answer 19

Personal identity

Question 20

“we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and
society

Answer 20

Social identity

Question 21

3 Common Attributes of Individualism and Collectivism

Answer 21

Social relations
Social obligations
Social identity

Question 22

Focus on establishing and maintaining relationships that yield personal rewards with
few costs (exchange orientation); concern
for maintaining equity in relations with
others

Answer 22

Social relations

Question 23

Individuals act to promote their own interests before considering the needs of others;
satisfaction comes from personal triumphs in
competition with others

Answer 23

Social obligations

Question 24

The independent self is based on one’s
personal, idiosyncratic characteristics; each
self is autonomous and unique

Answer 24

Social identity

Question 25

Individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put his or her own personal interests and motivations above the group’s interests and
goals.

Answer 25

Independent(or idiocentric)

Question 26

Individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put the group’s goals and needs above his or her own.

Answer 26

Interdependent(or allocentric)

Question 27

A conceptual analysis proposed by Marilyn Brewer that assumes individuals strive to maintain a balance between three basic needs: the need to be assimilated by the group, the need to be connected to friends and loved ones, and the need for autonomy and differentiation.

Answer 27

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Question 28

Theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups
influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.

Answer 28

Social identity theory

Question 29

Perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories.

Answer 29

Social categorization

Question 30

Socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations)
about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.

Answer 30

Prototypes (or stereotypes)

Question 31

Accepting socially shared generalizations about the prototypical characteristics attributed to members of one’s group as
accurate descriptions of oneself

Answer 31

Self-stereotyping (or autostereotyping)

Question 32

Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition
on the group’s qualities and characteristics.

Answer 32

Social identification

Question 33

A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their
relationships with others and membership in social groups.

Answer 33

Collective self-esteem

Question 34

Seeking direct or indirect association with prestigious or successful groups or individuals.

Answer 34

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Question 35

Distancing oneself from a group that performs poorly

Answer 35

Cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)

Question 36

Tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than
other groups, their members, and their products.

Answer 36

Ingroup–outgroup bias

Question 37

Restricting comparisons between the
ingroup and other groups to tasks and outcomes where the ingroup is more successful than other groups and avoiding areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup.

Answer 37

Social creativity

Question 38

Anxiety-provoking belief that others’ perceptions and evaluations will be influenced by their negative stereotypes about one’s group which can, in some cases, interfere with one’s ability to perform
up to one’s capabilities.

Answer 38

Stereotype threat

Question 39

Reducing one’s connection to a group in order to minimize the threats to individual self-esteem.

Answer 39

Individual mobility