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Home Inspection > Structure > Flashcards

Structure Flashcards

1
Q

When inspecting under a house what safety precautions should you take for electricity

A

Touch of voltage tester to anything metal that could be energized by a ground fault and cut power especially if there is free standing water

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2
Q

If there is a smell of gas in the crawlspace what do you do

A

Turn off the main valve and ventilate before entering

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3
Q

Minimum crawlspace measurements

A

18 inches from the ground to bottom of floor joist
12 inches allowable to underside of a girder
Newer construction should be 16 x 24“

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4
Q

Unstable Clay Hillside may need what for the foundation

A

Engineered foundation on piers extending down to bed rock

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5
Q

Where the ground freezes where do foundation footings need to be

A

Below the frost line

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6
Q

Why should footings be below the frost line

A

They aren’t susceptible to lifting and sinking forces of the freeze thaw action

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7
Q

Why do most houses in cold climates have full basements

A

Because foundation footings need to be below frost line anyway

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8
Q

Most common foundation type

A

The T or spread

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9
Q

Describe slab on grade

A

A giant pad of reinforced concrete poured simultaneously with a slightly thicker perimeter footing that increases loadbearing

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10
Q

This foundation type has a layer of crushed gravel beneath the slab covered by sheet of plastic

A

Slab on grade

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11
Q

Why is slab on grade installed on flat lots where ground doesn’t freeze

A

Because being above frost line shallow slabs are vulnerable to Frost heaves

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12
Q

Which foundation type is sometimes poured over perimeter T foundations and will show the joint along exterior ground level

A

Slab on grade

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13
Q

Describe post tension slabs

A

Steel cables running through tubes inside concrete with nuts at cable ends that are tightened after concrete hardens

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14
Q

These foundation types use less concrete and are the strongest

A

Post tension slabs

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15
Q

Why do you never cut into a post tension slab without consulting an engineer

A

You might be cutting into the tension cables

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16
Q

What are grade beams with concrete pier foundations used for and why

A

Steep slopes because they have the best lateral stability

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17
Q

On grade beam foundations where are pier Holes usually drilled into

A

Strata (bedrock)

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18
Q

Why are grade beam foundations less likely to migrate

A

Greater cross section than driven steel piers = greater friction against soil

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19
Q

How do grade beam enhance foundations stability

A

Steel reinforced concrete grade beams placed slightly below grade connecting tops of piers

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20
Q

What are driven steel pilings used for

A

Used to anchor foundations on steep or unstable soil’s

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21
Q

What is a helical pier

A

Look like giant auger bits which are hollow and can be strengthened with bar and filled with epoxy or concrete

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22
Q

Interior foundation elements include

A

Girders posts columns and pads

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23
Q

Interior foundation elements are most often used in conjunction with what foundations

A

T

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24
Q

What do girders do in interior foundation elements

A

Shorten distances Joists must span, support loadbearing walls and reduce some of the loading on foundations

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25
Q

What are common in areas with basements for supporting floors above

A

Adjustable floor jacks or nonadjustable Lally columns

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26
Q

What does structural settlement depend on

A

Type of soil, Lot slope, Amount of water, erosion in neighbouring lot, seismic activity, etc.

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27
Q

When do larger cracks happened in structural settlement

A

When settlement is uneven

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28
Q

Why do footings on sandy soil tend to settle evenly and quickly

A

Sand particles are large compared to the voids between them and water drains well and doesn’t absorb

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29
Q

How dramatically does clay soil absorb water

A

Up to 50% in wet seasons

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30
Q

What is clay soil also called what features does it have

A

Adobe soil has a distinct alligator pattern

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31
Q

Soil with organic matter will absorb moisture but if Sandy what will happen

A

Organic matter will decompose and the site will stabilize

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32
Q

What kind of lot types tend to Magnify problems of unstable certain types

A

Sloped lots

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33
Q

When has a home done most of its settling

A

After 30 or 40 years

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34
Q

Why does water vapour condense into a liquid

A

Cool air can’t hold as much water vapour as warm air, so when warm moist air comes in contact with cooler surfaces this happens

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35
Q

What time of year is condensation at its peak in a crawlspaces

A

Spring or summer when outside air temperature is warmest and crawl spaces are cool

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36
Q

When does the most condensation happen

A

The hotter the air the more moisture it can hold and the cooler the surface more condensation happens

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37
Q

How can a homeowner figure out if water is seeping through the walls

A

Duck tape aluminum foil to a concrete wall. If the front is dry and back is wet, water is sleeping through the wall

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38
Q

Where does moisture often migrate to and why

A

In the attic because warm moist air tends to rise

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39
Q

What happens with uninsulated or split ducts

A

They can dump moisture into the house

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40
Q

Exterior causes of dampness and seepage

A

Missing downspout, improper soil grade/walkway, clogged gutters, Blocked perimeter drain, cracked foundation, sprinklers leaking, undrained window well, downspouts too close to the house

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41
Q

How much seepage there is depends on

A

Hydrostatic pressure which is water pressure on walls

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42
Q

Signs of water leakage

A

Discoloured surfaces, rust stains, efflorescence, silt residue around base, deterioration of wood, for around column pads cracked, Rust in bottom Panel of water heater or furnace

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43
Q

How do you correct seepage

A

Fill holes with cement epoxy gel or polyurethane foam, seal entire floor, excavate soil and install waterproofing to walls, install perimeter drains, install swale drains, dig trench in basement and install proliferated drain to exterior or sump

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44
Q

If concrete is not vibrated to drive out air bubbles what happens

A

Finish surfaces will be more likely to crack and spall, steel bars will be more likely to corrode and water is more likely to seep

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45
Q

Short meandering cracks are usually caused by

A

Normal shrinkage

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46
Q

Surface cracks or welts which are slight ridges running horizontally with aggregate exposed at edges are what

A

Cold joints Caused by separate concrete pours which is weaker

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47
Q

Wide cracks in foundations less than 2 feet tall indicate what

A

Little to no steel reinforcement

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48
Q

Large vertical cracks usually mean

A

One end of foundation is sinking

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49
Q

Large vertical cracks that are wider at the bottom are caused by

A

Footings being too small

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50
Q

Horizontal cracks that leak after heavy rains with a driveway that slopes towards the house may have been caused by

A

Large trucks compacting soil

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51
Q

Horizontal cracks with the wall bowing in is most often caused by

A

Lateral pressure from water soaked soil. This is very serious as the foundation may be failing

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52
Q

In cold climates horizontal cracks and a crowning and cracking concrete floor can be caused by

A

Frost heaving when footings are not below frost line

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53
Q

Older concrete foundation that is rotating is caused by

A

Lacking reinforcing steel. The weight on the outside edge of foundation is causing it to lean

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54
Q

Substantial efflorescence indicates

A

Defective drainage

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55
Q

Older homes used what to reduce efflorescence temporarily

A

Parging which is plaster coating

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56
Q

Spalling or flaking surfaces on newer foundations indicate what

A

Failure to vibrate concrete or forms werent coated with a release agent

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57
Q

Rusty bars visible in concrete foundation indicates what

A

Concrete mix was too dry, mineral salt corroded rebar

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58
Q

Why does beach sand make for poor Quality concrete

A

Cement adheres better to sharp edges and beach sand is round

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59
Q

Concrete and brick foundations have decent loadbearing strength but little resistance to what

A

Lateral pressures

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60
Q

It is possible to improve lateral strength of concrete block by

A

Inserting rebar through block cores

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61
Q

What are installed on top of foundations to prevent moisture entry

A

Concrete caps

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62
Q

What do zigzag cracks in concrete foundations indicate

A

Too small or missing footings causing Foundation to settle unevenly

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63
Q

What kind of reinforcement does code require in concrete floors

A

Steel reinforcement (heavy wire mesh)

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64
Q

What can happen with unreinforced concrete floors

A

They can buckle upwards if water pressure is great

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65
Q

Concrete cracks with a vertical displacement indicate

A

Absence of steel reinforcing

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66
Q

Why do concrete floors crack and leak where they meet foundation walls

A

Because it is a cold joint (in between two pours)

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67
Q

Why is polyurethane caulking a good idea for cracked concrete floors

A

It can stop some water while allowing some expansion

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68
Q

Sump pits should be lined with

A

A permeable liner that allows water in and keeps soils out

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69
Q

What is a pedestal sump pump

A

Stands up straight, water cooled and has ball floats that turn pump on and off

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70
Q

What is a submersible pump

A

Sealed, oil cooled motors = quieter, more durable and expensive

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71
Q

Permanent sump pumps should have what for discharge

A

One and a half rigid PVC discharge pipe with a check valve at the bottom

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72
Q

Discharge of a sump pump should be how far away from house

A

20 feet

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73
Q

What is the possible reason for a floor drain emitting an odour of sewer gas

A

It may be connected to plumbing drains and the drain tap may have dried out

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74
Q

What will reduce evaporation in a drain trap

A

Pouring a small amount of mineral oil into it

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75
Q

How to check to see if floor drain is improperly connected to sewer system

A

Flush toilet

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76
Q

If inspecting a floor drain during dry season what do you look for, for signs of clogging

A

Water stains, residual silt, mold, or rotted wood

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77
Q

Where can drain clean out to be located

A

In a pit below the floor slab

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78
Q

A wet clean out pit could indicate

A

A high water table or cracked drain pipe

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79
Q

Causes of dampness in crawlspaces

A

Moisture from soil, poor ventilation, improper Surface drainage, split ducts, Warm moist air condensing On cool surfaces, vegetation close to house, leaky water supply pipes

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80
Q

In a crawlspace which way should the insulation batts foil or paper facing be faced

A

Towards living space

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81
Q

Problem with open/ventilated crawlspaces

A

Cold floors and heat loss in winter, warm moist air condensing on cooler surfaces in the summer which leads to mold and rot

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82
Q

How are Crawlspaces sealed

A

Plastic vapour barrier, polyester cord, reinforced sheeting, EPS foam panels over vent openings, mud sills are left exposed so they can be inspected periodically

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83
Q

What happens with decayed wood when it is probed

A

It doesn’t splinter, it crumbles

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84
Q

Floor joist spacing

A

16 inches on center, older houses can be 24

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85
Q

Notch limit in joists

A

1/6 of joist depth Max. No notches in middle third

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86
Q

Hole limits in joists

A

2 inches from edge max. Hole 1/3 joist depth Max

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87
Q

Notch limit in bearing studs

A

25% of stud width

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88
Q

Hole Limit in bearring studs

A

40% of stud width Max

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89
Q

Notch limit in studs that are non-bearing

A

40% of stud width Max

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90
Q

Hole Limit in studs that are nonbearing

A

60% of stud width Max

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91
Q

What keeps joists From twisting

A

Blocking or diagonal bracing

92
Q

What must be installed between a joist flanges to prevent joists from buckling

A

Web stiffeners (plywood or OSB between flanges)

93
Q

When a platform is framed with joists what must its rim Joists be

A

Engineered lumber as to not absorb too much moisture

94
Q

Can you notch or cut into I joist flanges

A

No

95
Q

All exposed I joist members in basements should be protected with

A

A fire rated surface

96
Q

What sits on top of foundations

A

Mud sills

97
Q

What should there be at the end of girders

A

Minimum of half inch clearance for circulation

98
Q

What can rotted post bottoms cause

A

Floors to sag

99
Q

What should pads be poured with

A

expansion joints around

100
Q

When do Termites swarm

A

Spring or fall

101
Q

How do you get rid of subterranean termites

A

Lowering soil levels. Fumigation does not work

102
Q

What do carpenter ant nests look like

A

Like coarse sawdust. They do not eat wood for food

103
Q

What do powder post beetles holes look like

A

Tiny BB gun holes. Borings look like coarse flower

104
Q

Fungi can’t establish colonies on wood with a moisture content less than

A

28%. Go dormant at 20%.

105
Q

Basement egress windows should be what measurements

A

20 inches wide and 24 Inches tall, Max sill height of 44 inches

106
Q

Two forces that affect structural components

A

Compression and tension

107
Q

Max joist deflection

A

Ceiling below= 1/360 (or 1/2”)
No ceiling below= 1/240

108
Q

Where frost footings are required what is needed around the house perimeter for the footing and foundation system

A

A trench

109
Q

Slab on grade monolithic slab description

A

Poured as one. Thicker around edges

110
Q

Slab on grade supported slab description

A

Not poured together with foundation (basement slabs)

111
Q

Slab on grade floating slab description

A

Independent of the foundation (common in garages)

112
Q

Problems with slab on grade can go undetected for some time because

A

It is normally covered with sub flooring and finish flooring

113
Q

 Strip footings (spread footings) Are run how

A

Continuously between foundation walls and around perimeter

114
Q

Pad footings (spot footings) Support

A

Columns or piers

115
Q

Pierre and grade beam are common with these soils

A

Expansive soils

116
Q

Problems with footings

A

weak soils, absence of footings, underground streams, undersized footings, footing deterioration, wall failure, Lot slope, heaving, footings too shallow

117
Q

What is the risk with adding a floor

A

Footings can sink

118
Q

What needs to be done when a basement floor is lowered

A

Footings should be underpinned (lowered or enlarged) And a concrete curb (bench footing or Dutch wall) Around inside edge of footings

119
Q

What do you risk when lowering basement floor

A

Increase risk of basement leakage

120
Q

Damage to footings can be done by

A

Excavations (swimming pools)

121
Q

What are ribbed foundations

A

Beams running in both directions under slab

122
Q

What is the risk of adding an exterior basement stairwell

A

Grade level is lowered which lowers the level frost can penetrate increasing heaving on foundation risk

123
Q

Added exterior stairwells should have

A

Deepened foundations or added insulation

124
Q

Foundation Bowing is caused by

A

Lateral forces

125
Q

Foundation deflection inward can be caused by

A

Backfilling, frost, walls too thin, two tall, inadequate reinforcement, inadequate house floor bracing systems

126
Q

Foundation walls that move inward are repaired by

A

Tying them back with anchors and ties on the outside and buttresses (concrete block walls inside)

127
Q

Conventional foundations can tolerate how much soil

A

3 to 7 1/2’

128
Q

How can tree roots affect soil

A

They can dry out soil and some soil’s shrink considerably

129
Q

Where groundwater is a problem what are used

A

Drainage tiles and or a sump pump

130
Q

What problem could leaving houses unheated cause

A

Frost penetrating basement floors

131
Q

What is adfreezing

A

Damp soil on outside of building freezes and frost heaving lifts top of wall

132
Q

What are Pierre problems often the result of

A

Inadequate footings

133
Q

Where are floor joists directly secured to

A

Sills which are anchor to foundations

134
Q

What can sills be crushed by

A

Steel posts built into walls and joists being too short – only the end is sitting on the sill

135
Q

Where are butt joints in wood beams

A

Within 6 inches of the quarter point the span

136
Q

These give Lateral support for steel beams

A

Ribbons, rat tails or flanges

137
Q

Lateral support for wood beams

A

Joist hangers, nailed to beams or running on top

138
Q

What is a common problem with brick columns

A

Rising damp

139
Q

If a column is out of plum by how much of its thickness then its integrity may be compromised

A

1/3

140
Q

Doubling a joist increases its resistance to bends by

A

Eight times

141
Q

When the room is occupied with people and furniture the centre of the floor can be how much lower than the edges

A

Half inch

142
Q

Joist notches requirements

A

Maximum 1/3 of joist depth and not allowed in the middle of span

143
Q

Where are joist notches allowed

A

Only at the top of the ends. Max Joist width in

144
Q

Joist holes requirements

A

Maximum one quarter joist depth and 2 inches minimum from top and bottom

145
Q

An offset as little as how much in bearing walls above and below can cause the joist to sag under the first floor wall above

A

12 inches

146
Q

What may prevent joists from twisting

A

Cross bridging and solid blocking in a straight line

147
Q

What are required at framed opening

A

Multiple joists and tracks

148
Q

Where there is no ceiling how often should joists be braced

A

Every 12 feet

149
Q

Steel framing should not be in contact with

A

Dissimilar metals or be embedded in concrete

150
Q

Why must diagonal plank subflooring be supported at the wall

A

Because the ends of some planks may be several inches from a floor joist

151
Q

What is a possibility with slab movement on slab on grade homes

A

Broken utility line

152
Q

What can be used to join inner and outer wythes

A

Metal ties or especially sized bricks. In this case, they won’t have header courses

153
Q

Why can outer brick wythes Bow outwards

A

If not properly tied to inner wythe

154
Q

What helps prevents the spreading of roof rafters

A

When ceiling joists are attached to them

155
Q

Brick corbelling (offsetting) Can only be how far beyond brick below

A

1 inch

156
Q

What should bearing wood walls have at the top

A

A double top plate

157
Q

What should be done under jack studs

A

Floor should be reinforced

158
Q

What is a girt

A

Blocking between studs near midpoint

159
Q

Stud notch and drilling requirements for bearing and nonbearing

A

Remaining portion must be 2/3 of stud depth- bearing
One and five eights - nonbearing

160
Q

What is balloon framing

A

Well studs were continuous from foundation to roof line. Floor systems were hung from wall studs

161
Q

What is the problem with balloon framing

A

Rigid structure but fire could move quickly

162
Q

Do steel frame walls have the same insulating values of wood

A

No they have half

163
Q

What are ICF walls

A

Insulated concrete foundations are interlocking blocks that are formwork for concrete and left in for insulation

164
Q

What are some good points about ICF walls

A

They avoid thermal bridges and are airtight

165
Q

What is chinking in the wall

A

Mortar used to fill air gaps between logs. (Redone every year)

166
Q

Does wood expand and shrink more across the grain or with it

A

Across

167
Q

What are points about panelized construction

A

Upgraded insulation treatment and less thermal bridging than in conventional construction

168
Q

The arch in a brick wall supports a triangle section that is how much of the opening

A

Half the width

169
Q

What is a jack arch

A

Flat top and bottom. Decorative but not functional

170
Q

What is a keystone arch

A

Larger masonry units at the top/center

171
Q

Why might a masonry wall be bulging near a window or door

A

arch may not have enough mass to resist the lateral thrust Of wall movement

172
Q

Why should steel headers supporting brick veneer have no caulking between the steel in the brick above

A

Caulking the trap the water lead to rust

173
Q

What is common with old gabled roofs if rafters are not adequately secured To walls at bottom edge

A

They spread apart. It can be seen at the eaves because soffits pull away as rafter spread

174
Q

Attics in cold climates with good insulation but poor ventilation may be susceptible to

A

Condensation problems

175
Q

What may be a problem around roof dormers

A

Concentrated loads

176
Q

Top and bottom members of roof trusses are called

A

Cords. Interior is called Web. Fastened together with gusset plates

177
Q

If the span of a cord is more than 10 feet or 12 feet between supports what should the bottoms be

A

10 feet = 2×5 and 12 feet = 2×6

178
Q

When should trusses with Web members have braces in the midway point

A

When were the members are longer than 6 feet

179
Q

What are collar ties

A

1×4 installed horizontally to prevent rafter movement

180
Q

What are purlins

A

Rafter supports nailed on underside of an extend down on angles

181
Q

What are knee walls

A

Small walls that run from attic floor to underside of rafters Midway

182
Q

If a collar tie is more than 8 feet long what does it require

A

Lateral support

183
Q

How should plywood sheathing be laid

A

With surface grain perpendicular to joists and rafters

184
Q

What is the problem with the fire retardant treated plywood

A

It can lose roof shingles and collapse due to de lamination and weakening

185
Q

What happens if a foundation is not large enough to carry the weight of a Masonary chimney

A

Localized settling

186
Q

Why are three sided chimneys unsafe

A

The wall of the house is combustible

187
Q

Where chimneys are framed in, what should be in between wood and flue

A

12 inches of masonry

188
Q

What prevents fire from moving through the space between chimneys and wood framing

A

Fire blocking

189
Q

What temperatures does fungus need to live

A

Between 40 and 115°F

190
Q

Roof truss assemblies

A

Top and bottom Chords
King post in the middle
Truss web
Metal gusset plates (bearing points on bottom corners)

191
Q

Difference between Fink truss Howe truss

A

Fink= no king post
How truss= straight and diagonal web members

192
Q

Describe hammer beam roof trusses

A

Hammer beams are horizontal side beams on each end, hammer post above holding it in place. Rib over top. Brace underneath transmits load to corbel. Principal rafter inside, common rafter outside

193
Q

What is a key way on foundations

A

Line across to lock second layer of concrete foundation

194
Q

How wide should a bench wall be

A

As wide as it is deep

195
Q

Difference between strip footing and pad footing

A

Strip= long and supports walls
Pad= square and supports columns

196
Q

Is frost heaving only vertical

A

No

197
Q

Is probing required by standards

A

Yes

198
Q

What is honeycombing

A

Separation of aggregate and cement over vibration

199
Q

Is the top of a beam in compression or tension

A

The top is in compression. Bottom is in tension

200
Q

A beam is more likely to fail if notched at top or bottom

A

Bottom

201
Q

Why shouldn’t a joist resting on a beam overhang too much

A

It can act as a lever and raise the floor

202
Q

Plywood should be installed which way compared to joists

A

Long dimension should be at right angle to joist

203
Q

2ways solid masonry wall wythes are held together

A

Brick ties
Header bricks

204
Q

2 ways to prevent racking

A

Wood sheathing
Diagonal wood bracing

205
Q

What do collar ties do

A

Prevent rafters from spreading

206
Q

If a probe goes in more than how much, is it a problem

A

1 inch

207
Q

Bearing strength of soils in order

A
  1. Bedrock
  2. Gravel
  3. Coarse sand
  4. Fine sand
  5. Clay
  6. Silt
  7. Organic material
208
Q

What is a caisson

A

A pile with a bell end

209
Q

When should a dialectic union be used

A

When joining galvanized steel to copper

210
Q

In a house with wood siding, does a central beam hold more or less weight than outside walls

A

More

211
Q

Moisture content in wood is proportional to

A

Relative humidity of surrounding air

212
Q

What is required between oil tanks and water heaters

A

10feet of clearance and concrete block walls

213
Q

In ravine lots, what can indicate soil slippage

A

Bent tree trunks

214
Q

For every one degree we cool the air in our house, the RELATIVE humidity goes UP

A

2.2%

215
Q

Why can’t we have over 100% humidity

A

At 100% the air cannot hold any more water and must give up its moisture (condensation)

216
Q

If a wall is leaning how much, is it unstable

A

Past it’s middle 1/3 point

217
Q

What does a pillaster do

A

Strengthens foundation wall

218
Q

How much of the air you breathe came from the crawl space

A

1/3 to 1/2

219
Q

What is stack effect

A

The movement of air in and out of buildings. air bouyancy results from the difference in indoor and outdoor density

220
Q

Relative humidity goes up or down with heating/cooling

A

Down 2.2% for every degree we heat
Up 2.2% for every degree we cool

221
Q

For every 4% change in moisture content, how much does wood expand or shrink

A

1%

222
Q

Mold needs how much relative humidity

A

70%

223
Q

Can rigid insulation be touching the floor in a crawl space

A

No. Needs a gap

224
Q

What is honeycombing likely caused by

A

Over vibration (shaking aggregate out of concrete)

225
Q

What are flanges in regards to joists

A

I- joists are comprised of top and bottom flanges, which resist bending, united with webs, which provide outstanding shear resistance. The flange material is typically laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or solid sawn lumber, and the web is made with plywood or OSB.

Home Inspection (13 decks)

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