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Home Inspection > Exteriors > Flashcards

Exteriors Flashcards

1
Q

What are you not required to inspect

A

Screening, shutters, awnings, seasonal accessories, fences, outbuildings, sea walls,

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2
Q

Describe a linear plan

A

One room deep typically not square

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3
Q

Describe a massed plan

A

Two or more rooms deep

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4
Q

Describe a salt box

A

One and a half room is deep

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5
Q

What are window sliders also called

A

Frame around glass called a sash

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6
Q

How high should siding be from the ground

A

6 to 8 inches

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7
Q

What is a drip screed

A

Like a flashing underneath siding

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8
Q

What is no heading bricks a sign of

A

Brick veneer

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9
Q

How does brick veneer drain

A

1 inch gap in between with weep holes at windows (rope wicks)

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10
Q

How often are header brick rows

A

Every seven rows

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11
Q

What kind of cleaning should not be done to brick

A

Sandblasting

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12
Q

What does sandblasting brick do

A

Strips outer layer and makes it vulnerable to freeze the damage

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13
Q

How high above grade should brick be kept

A

6 inches with an angle iron support

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14
Q

How high above grade should stucco be kept

A

8 inches

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15
Q

 What should a buyer be wary of with the basement oil tanks

A

They are expensive to fix

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16
Q

What do short and long pipes on the wall indicate for oil tanks

A

Short is a fill pipe and long is a vent

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17
Q

What is a proper slope from the house

A

1 inch per foot for at least 6 feet

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18
Q

When do you recommend a pressure regulator for a hose bib

A

Above 80 psi

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19
Q

How far apart do stair balusters have to be

A

4 inches

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20
Q

When is a handrail required on the stairs

A

 after four stairs or 34 to 38 inches high

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21
Q

What do you inspect for on decks

A

Deteriorating supports, floorboard spacing, finish stain treatments, wood rot, loose fastenings to house, safety hazards

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22
Q

Decks cannot be attached with

A

Toenails

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23
Q

Deck Ledger must be attached with

A

Minimum half inch lag screws

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24
Q

What are hardware requirements for decks

A

Half inch leg screws, hot dipped galvanized or stainless steel, washers, 2 inches from top and bottom staggered

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25
Q

On a deck when is a guard rail required

A

30 inches above grade

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26
Q

On which side of the wall does condensation collect

A

The cooler side

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27
Q

What happens in walls if warm moist air gets through

A

Sill plates will rot

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28
Q

Where do you look on brick veneer walls for weep holes

A

The bottom

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29
Q

What are gutters and downspouts functions

A

To protect walls from water runoff and ensure dry basement and crawlspace

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30
Q

Gutter should be secured how often and discharge how far away from the house

A

Secured every 2 to 3 feet and discharge 6 feet away from the house

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31
Q

How wide are gutters usually

A

4 to 5 inches

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32
Q

Aluminum gutter joints are usually

A

Riveted and caulked

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33
Q

Aluminum gutters lifespan

A

20 to 25 years

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34
Q

Galvanize steel gutter joints are usually assembled this way

A

Soldered together

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35
Q

What is a problem with plastic gutters

A

Prone to cracking during cold weather

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36
Q

What gutters are considered the best

A

Copper life expectancy 50 to 100 years

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37
Q

Common reasons for leaking gutters

A

Improper slope, connections, installation, elbows, seams, clogged downspout

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38
Q

Downspout should be provided how often for gutters

A

Every 35 to 40 feet

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39
Q

In homes before 1950 how were downspout drains connected

A

To floor drains in basement

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40
Q

With integral gutters what is a common repair

A

Adding a single ply roofing membrane

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41
Q

What is an important consideration when dealing with wet basements

A

Proper lot grading

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42
Q

Is any foundation wall completely waterproof

A

 No

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43
Q

Ground around home should slope

A

6 inches for the first 10 feet away

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44
Q

What do mature trees and vegetation on slopes suggest

A

Little soil movement and their roots prevent erosion

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45
Q

Maximum slope for a lot

A

One vertical 2 horizontal

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46
Q

Window wells should have what

A

Several inches of gravel, a drainage pipe, or a plastic dome cover over top

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47
Q

Why is lime based parging better than Portland cement based 

A

Because it is more permeable. Impermeable parging brakes off in large sections to moisture trapped behind it

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48
Q

Impermeable parging causes what

A

Dampness to rise up the wall above the parging where evaporation can take place

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49
Q

In masonry evaporation results in what which causes what

A

Efflorescence which causes spalling and mortar deterioration

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50
Q

Why is spalling and efflorescence OK with parging

A

Because it is sacrificial material

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51
Q

When should siding materials stop above earth surfaces below

A

6 inches

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52
Q

How high above ground should wood siding be

A

8 inches

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53
Q

What is brick made of

A

Clay or concrete

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54
Q

Minimum height brick should be kept above ground

A

4 inches

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55
Q

What binders is mortar a mixture of

A

Portland cement, lime, masonry cement, sand, water

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56
Q

What additives to mortar can enhance cold-weather work ability and at what expense

A

Calcium chloride at the expense of strength and durability

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57
Q

What does mortar do

A

 prevents moisture penetration, the base for ties

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58
Q

What can spalling be caused by

A

Mechanical damage or freeze thaw action and efflorescence

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59
Q

Why can’t you sandblast brick

A

Removes outer crust and makes it more prone to deterioration

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60
Q

What may efflorescence be caused by

A

Low quality mortars or masonry units for excessive water penetration

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61
Q

Which Mortar applications are more durable

A

Concave joint and v joint

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62
Q

Which mortar applications are less durable

A

Reeked joint and extruded joint

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63
Q

What are the two types of artificial stone and how thick are they

A

Brick substitute (3-4 inches thick)
Veneer type (less than 1 inch thick)

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64
Q

What is a common problem with artificial stone

A

Detachment from the building

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65
Q

What can reduce water penetration on concrete block

A

Painting

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66
Q

What is conventional stucco

A

The exterior equivalent of plaster (cement, lime aggregate and water)

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67
Q

Describe stucco

A

Thin coat of concrete with cement and lime binders

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68
Q

What does the amount of maintenance of conventional stucco depend on

A

The mix of stucco, the path used, the surface

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69
Q

What are the steps in which conventional stucco is applied

A

1) scratch (base coat)
2) brown coat
3) finish coat

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70
Q

Stucco tends to stand up better over what kind of walls

A

Masonry

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71
Q

Why is masonry structure better for stucco

A

Rigidity allows for no flexing so less cracks

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72
Q

Where do stucco cracks and bulges often appear and why

A

Near floor levels because wood framing members shrink most in this area

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73
Q

Why is stucco cracking a problem

A

allows water penetration which may cause structural damage that goes unnoticed

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74
Q

What does EIFS stand for

A

Exterior insulated finish systems (synthetic stucco)

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75
Q

Describe synthetic stucco application

A

Sheeting is covered with foam insulation board. A thin basecoat reinforced with fibreglass mesh, then thin acrylic finish

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76
Q

What are common problems with Synthetic stucco

A

Water trapped behind finish and insulation. Commonly around doors and windows

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77
Q

How will wood siding last longer

A

If the back of the siding has some air circulation

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78
Q

How is air circulation provided for wood siding

A

Nails with roundheads or a shim in between shingles

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79
Q

On wood siding what is prone to rot

A

The tops. Horizontal surfaces should be kept well Stained or painted

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80
Q

What may cause splitting of wood siding

A

 too many nails may prevent natural expansion and contraction

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81
Q

How often should all wood outside be stained or painted other than the exceptions which are

A

3 to 5 years except for Cedar and Redwood

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82
Q

On wood siding what does paint blistering and peeling indicate

A

Moisture problems behind the wall

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83
Q

When is total replacement of wood shingles advisable

A

Once more than 15% need repair

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84
Q

What is the problem with hard board OSB in plywood siding

A

Expands more than wood when wet buckle if tightly nailed

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85
Q

What prevents buckling in plywood siding

A

Using clips or smaller pieces

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86
Q

What is needed for hose bibs for expansion

A

Quarter inch gap between end of siding and mounting block trim

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87
Q

What is common to hear on metal siding

A

Expansion noises when sunlight warms wall of house

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88
Q

When may metal siding buckle

A

If nails are secured too tightly

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89
Q

What does PVCs siding stand for

A

Polyvinyl chloride (vinyl)

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90
Q

What is a common problem with vinyl siding

A

Brittle during the cold and can be punctured or cracked

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91
Q

What is a common problem with asphalt shingle siding

A

Tend to lift curl and be prone to wind damage

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92
Q

What did older fibre cement siding contain

A

Asbestos as fibre

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93
Q

How is fibre cement siding applied

A

With pneumatic nailers

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94
Q

What can be a problem with the fibre cement siding

A

Nails driven too far and not well secured

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95
Q

What is a problem with Insel brick siding

A

Very little insulating value

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96
Q

When was insole brick siding commonly used

A

Between the 1930s and 1950s

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97
Q

Describe Insel brick siding

A

Fibreboard coated with Tar and sprinkled with granular material

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98
Q

Why is insulbrick frowned upon buy some insurance companies

A

It’s combustibility and low quality construction

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99
Q

Where do animals usually gain access to attic space

A

By damaging wooden soffits and facia

100
Q

Is the opening of a door or window required to have flashing when protected by a roof overhang

A

No

101
Q

How should windowsills be constructed

A

Sloped so water drains away and a capillary break

102
Q

What is a capillary break

A

Groove or projection on underside

103
Q

Door thresholds should be how far above grade where snow may accumulate

A

6 inches

104
Q

What are the differences between porches and decks

A

Porches have roofs supported by columns and house wall, floorboards can be tongue and groove with roof protection from rain.

Decks have no roofs are supported by posts above grade level, open flooring for water

105
Q

On the window where does the cap flashing go at the sill

A

Under the J moulding

106
Q

L

A

H

107
Q

How deep and how high should step treads be

A

8 1/4 inch deep and 8 inches high and sloped to drain water

108
Q

Step landing should be how big and how much below threshold to avoid water leaking

A

3‘ x 3‘ and 6 inches below threshold

109
Q

Wooden steps should not be in direct contact with soil because

A

Minimizes rot an insect damage

110
Q

Why is plywood not a good material for steps

A

Layers of glue trap moisture which leads to rot

111
Q

How can concrete steps crack or spall

A

From salt

112
Q

When should railings be provided on a deck

A

When the deck is more than 24 inches off the ground

113
Q

Openings in railings should be

A

4 inches or less

114
Q

What height are railings commonly

A

31 to 38 inches high

115
Q

What is required if there are more than three risers for stairs

A

A handrail

116
Q

How high do balconies or decks need to be from grade

A

6 inches

117
Q

What can I springy floor system on a deck because by

A

Columns are overspanned

118
Q

What should joists and beams rest on under decks

A

One and a half inch of wood support or on 3 inches of concrete or masonry support

119
Q

Can a board that is lag bolted to the structure support the joist from below deck

A

Yes. Joist hangers may also be used

120
Q

Ledger board under deck should be secured every

A

16 to 24 inches with lag bolts

121
Q

How are cantilever decks supported

A

Joists that extended through the wall

122
Q

What is a problem with cantilever deck’s

A

Maybe prone to rot and give possible water entry into house

123
Q

Do detached wood frame garages have foundations or footings

A

Not usually

124
Q

Woodframe garages that sit close to soil may have what problems

A

with frost action may begin to rot

125
Q

What problems happen on wood frame garage that cause rotting

A

Misalignment of overhead doors then structural failure

126
Q

Garage walls that connect to homes may be required to have what

A

Fire separation

127
Q

Minor cracks in garage floor slab are common but what do major cracks indicate

A

Structural problems or improper base below the concrete

128
Q

Concrete floors in garage should be how thick

A

3 1/2 inches

129
Q

Garage floor should be sloped or

A

Have a drain

130
Q

Most common problems with garage doors

A

Hardware

131
Q

All garage door should 

A

Reverse if it strikes something or blocks the photo electric sensor and have sensitivity adjustments

132
Q

What Should garage man doors be

A

Solid exterior type and fire rated and 3/8 thick

133
Q

What can improper slope on a walkway or driveway or landscaping cause

A

Wet basement problems

134
Q

What may happen if soil is above the top of the foundation wall

A

Water may leak in to the building

135
Q

Once retaining walls move do they stop

A

Rarely

136
Q

Poured concrete walls are usually what design

A

Cantilever type or inverted T

137
Q

How do you cantilevered walls prevent heaving

A

They are extended below the frost line

138
Q

What are gabions

A

Wire mesh basket filled with rock retaining walls

139
Q

How can water creep behind window and door trim

A

Storms or capillary action

140
Q

What is a WRB

A

Water resistive barrier

141
Q

What is the most common WRB in old homes

A

15 pound asphalt impregnated building paper or felt paper

142
Q

When are WRBs usually installed

A

Before windows and doors and their perimeters are flashed with weatherproof flashing strips

143
Q

What redirects water above doors or windows

A

Cap flashing or head flashing

144
Q

Building paper and plastic housewrap must be

A

Permeable enough to allow excess moisture inside the house to escape

145
Q

What is done to the lower edge of window trim

A

It is left uncaulked to leave an escape route for water

146
Q

Lead paint can be found in how many of the house is built before 1940

A

90%

147
Q

When was lead paint banned in the US and why

A

1978 it is a neurological toxin

148
Q

What should someone renovating an older house do with possible lead paint

A

Use test kits

149
Q

How often should wood stain be reapplied

A

Every 3 to 5 years

150
Q

Bubbling paint can be caused by

A

Applying while too hot or before the first coat was dry

151
Q

Exterior paint peeling outside of the kitchen or bathroom could indicate

A

Poor ventilation and an accumulation of moisture on the walls

152
Q

What does paint coming off in large pieces and little pigment on the wood siding indicate

A

May not have been primed properly

153
Q

What does paint alligator in indicate

A

Too many layers

154
Q

What does rust in paint indicate

A

Steel nails instead of galvanized

155
Q

Wood stain surfaces turning gray indicates

A

Stain not applied soon enough or no UV protection

156
Q

What does peeling paint an open gaps where wood siding butts to trim indicate

A

Boards absorbed moisture and swelled before they were installed or melt from Greenwood

157
Q

How are clapboards and lap siding installed

A

Horizontally

158
Q

How are board and batten wood siding installed

A

Vertically

159
Q

Why are end grains of boards more likely to absorb water

A

Wood cells and trees are designed to transport water up the trunk of a tree

160
Q

What is recommended with mortar crumbles when scraped by screwdriver

A

Mortar repaired

161
Q

Why do gaps open up where different materials meet

A

Materials expand and contract at different rates

162
Q

Mildew commonly grows on what side of houses

A

Shaded north facing walls

163
Q

Why are redwood inn cedar frequently left unfinished

A

They contain oils that resist water

164
Q

Describe clapboards

A

Bevelled wood siding milled from Redwood Cedar or Spruce

165
Q

Shingled joints must be offset how much

A

One and a half inches every fourth course

166
Q

 How are plywood panel siding installed

A

Ship lapped. Upper panel edges over that I just below or flashed with metals a flashing

167
Q

Spacing for plywood siding nails

A

6 inches around perimeter and 10 inches apart in the centre

168
Q

What is a common cause of failure for hardboard plank

A

Not Painting the backs

169
Q

What is stucco

A

 Cement and sand plaster over a wire lath base over wood frame

170
Q

What’s the problem with unpainted stucco

A

It will absorb moisture and wick into the sheathing

171
Q

What is the weep screed

A

Metal strip at base of exterior walls that seals against moisture and pests

172
Q

stucco should start how high above pavement

A

2 inches

173
Q

What does stucco cracking indicate

A

Wall framing moving, foundation settling, seismic activity, stucco shrinkage

174
Q

What do diagonal cracks in stucco indicate above doors and windows

A

Foundation or framing may be shifting

175
Q

Where do building loads often concentrate

A

On a header which is a loadbearing member over a door window

176
Q

Bulging or detached stucco may indicate

A

Water rising up from the foundation or rain water penetration at window flashing

177
Q

What system has rigid foam panels over sheathing and no waterproof layer between sheathing and stucco

A

EIFS

178
Q

What is an insulation characteristic of masonry walls

A

Dense and poor at retaining heat

179
Q

What may cause cracking at masonry walls headers

A

Steel lentil expans at a different rate

180
Q

Deep cracks running from corners can indicate what in masonry walls

A

Structural problems

181
Q

Mortar erosion deeper than how much should be considered serious

A

1 inch

182
Q

How should you check if mortar needs to be repaired

A

Scrape it with a screwdriver and see if it crumbles

183
Q

Butt joints where siding planks butt together should be covered by what in aluminum siding

A

moulding and end caps but not caulking because it can affect expansion and contraction

184
Q

Why does aluminum siding have a little R-value

A

It does nothing to stop air leaks. Unless it has plastic wrap underneath

185
Q

Should aluminum siding be grounded

A

Check building codes

186
Q

What do large numbers of missing or loose cement based shingles suggest

A

Nails are rusting through

187
Q

What do knot holes, splits, capping indicate in wood trim

A

Inferior wood was used

188
Q

What can cupping of exterior wood trim be caused by

A

Not priming backs of trim boards

189
Q

Should all sides of exterior wood trim be primed

A

Yes

190
Q

Where should fire wood be stored and why

A

Away from house for fire safety an insect infestation

191
Q

What do wood trim boards lifting indicate

A

They are nailed into sheathing and not framing

192
Q

What should an overhead service run to

A

Weatherhead atop of length of rigid conduit

193
Q

Older houses have service cables run to

A

A porcelain insulator screwed into eaves trim

194
Q

In inspections what do you note about windows

A

What types of windows, window frame materials, overall condition, single double or triple pane

195
Q

Describe double hung windows

A

Upper and lower sashes slide open

196
Q

Describe casement windows

A

Hinged and swing outward

197
Q

Describe Awning windows

A

Hinged at top bottom swings outward

198
Q

Describe fix windows

A

They don’t open

199
Q

What are problems with clay soils

A

Less permeable and more likely to become saturated so as they expand and contract it can raise and lower houses

200
Q

What is there to look out for with houses built near slopes

A

Slopes can exert lateral pressure on foundation walls from water

201
Q

Concrete and block retaining walls need weep holes every

A

4 to 8 feet

202
Q

If a retaining wall is taller than how much should it be designed by an engineer

A

4 feet

203
Q

Of all driveway materials which is the most difficult to repair and why

A

Concrete because it cures into a monolithic slab. patches will be obvious

204
Q

When do concrete driveway cracks suggest improper base protection

A

Cracks above half an inch with Crumbling materials and low spots

205
Q

What should all pools and spas have

A

Anti entrapment drain cover and self-closing gate fence 4 feet high

206
Q

Difference between awning and hopper windows

A

Awning extends outside
Hopper extends inside

207
Q

Describe casement windows

A

Pivots horizontally in or out

208
Q

When is brick spalling often a problem

A

With bricks that have a tough glazed finish and soft permeable core

209
Q

What does a uniform pattern of holes on exterior surfaces mean

A

Insulation has been added

210
Q

Describe jalouses or Louvre windows

A

Look like blinds

211
Q

What prevents siding/wall damage at the bottom edge of roofs

A

Kickout

212
Q

Describe linear vs massed plan

A

Linear is one room deep
Massed plan is two or more

213
Q

What is a salt box plan

A

1 1/2 rooms deep

214
Q

Joints in wood siding should be

A

Staggered and in front of studs

215
Q

Ductwork in a garage should be

A

Sealed and no registers. Gases could be sucked into house of furnace turns off from differential pressure

216
Q

How far away from the house should trees be

A

10 feet ideally

217
Q

At what temperature do you risk damaging the compressor of an ac unit

A

18

218
Q

What settling issues can clay soil cause

A

They are less permeable so they can expand and contract and raise and lower houses

219
Q

Concrete and block walls need weep holes every

A

4-8 feet

220
Q

A retaining wall should be designed by an engineer if above

A

4 feet

221
Q

Which driveway material is the most difficult to repair and why

A

Concrete because it cures into a slab. Patches will be obvious

222
Q

What do 1/2”+ concrete driveway cracks with crumbling materials and low spots indicate

A

Improper base

223
Q

Pools and spas should have

A

Fenced with a self closing gate 4’ high and an anti entrapment cover

224
Q

Which kinda of windows have insulation problems and why

A

Double hung. Mechanisms are not insulated

225
Q

3 types of protruding exterior windows

A

Bow
Bay
Oriel

226
Q

How much clearance of vegetation from walls

A

12”

227
Q

What do sill plates sit on

A

Sill gaskets to prevent moisture wicking

228
Q

Building paper and house wrap moisture characteristics

A

Water resistant outside, permeable enough inside to let moisture out

229
Q

Brick veneer or solid brick = lintels and archs

A

Veneer= lintels
Solid= arch

230
Q

How can lintels result in cracked bricks

A

Rust expands steel

231
Q

Layers of EIFS

A

Sheathing, polystyrene foam, fastener, glass fibre mesh, base coat, finish

232
Q

Tudor style stucco problems

A

Water gets caught in cross members

233
Q

Z flashings

A

Go in between sheathing and panel siding to let water escape at joints

234
Q

How high of a threshold from exterior doors

A

6”

235
Q

Grading slopes for driveways and lawns

A

Driveway 1:48
Lawn 1:12

236
Q

What is a swale

A

Diverts water around house

237
Q

What could a j flashing on foundation indicate

A

Insulation behind foundation wall

238
Q

What two things can prevent water build up against foundation wall

A

Drainage tile and damp proofing

239
Q

What is a French drain

A

Gravel pit underground for downspouts (15 feet away)

240
Q

What could direct water back to a foundation wall with a house with proper grade slope in yard

A

Different soil types

241
Q

What are weak spots in pavement with sealant

A

Control joints to control where cracks occur

242
Q

Are semidetached homes more common in rural or urban

A

Urban

243
Q

What can large roof overhangs reduce

A

Ice damning

244
Q

Are asphalt shingles installed on walls the same way as roofs

A

No

245
Q

6 systems to inspect on exterior

A
  1. Heat/AC
  2. Structure
  3. Electrical
  4. Plumbing
  5. Insulation
  6. Heating
246
Q

Wall assemblies from inside out

A
  1. Interior finish (drywall)
  2. Vapour barrier (interior side in cold climates)
  3. Structural members
  4. Sill gasket
  5. Insulation
  6. Sheathing
  7. Flashing
  8. Building paper or house wrap
  9. Siding
247
Q

Are semidetached homes more common in rural or urban environments

A

Urban

Home Inspection (13 decks)

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