Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

!Interventional Class 2024 > Structural Geology > Flashcards

Structural Geology Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of
geology that deals with the form, arrangement,
and internal structure of the rocks, and esp. with
the description, representation, and analysis of
structures, chiefly on a moderate to small scale.

A

structural geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

defined as a geometric feature in a
rock whose form, shape and distribution can be described.
These features are separated into primary, secondary,
tectonic and non-tectonic structures

A

geological structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structures that are acquired during the
genesis of a rock.

A

primary structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

locally driven or small scale features
not immediately due to tectonic interaction

A

non-tectonic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structures that are acquired after the genesis of the rock

A

secondary structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

according to which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, brought about all the Earth’s geological features. also known as gradualism

A

uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

theorizes that the Earth has largely been shaped by
sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.

A

catastrophism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

states that layers of sediment are
originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity

A

principle of original horizontality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

it states that in undeformed stratigraphic sequences, the oldest strata will lie at the bottom of the sequence, while newer material stacks upon the surface to form new deposits over time

A

law of superposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the
younger of the two features

A

principle of cross-cutting relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous.

A

principle of lateral continuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

grading of particles from coarse to
fine from bottom to top in bands, several feet thick which are repeated with great regularity through a formation

A

graded bedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

– is an arrangement of laminar transverse
to the bedding plane in straight sloping lines or concave forms

A

cross bedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is found in widespread and thinner
sandstones and is indicative of shallow-water
conditions of deposition

A

current bedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type of analysis that Interprets deformational movements that formed the structures

A

kinematic analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type of analysis that recognize, describe structures by measuring their locations, geometries and orientations
* Break a structure into structural elements - physical & geometric

A

descriptive analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type of analysis that Interprets forces and stresses from interpreted deformational
movements of structures

A

dynamic analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of kinematic analysis

A

distortion, dilation, rotation, translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

means slope or inclination

A

dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The angle of inclination of a
bedding plane with horizontal
plane

A

amount of dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

direction along which the
inclination of the bedding plane
occurs

A

dip direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

measures the direction angle

A

clinometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

measure the dip direction

A

compass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

defined as the direction of a
line formed by the intersection of
a bedding plane and a horizontal
plan

A

strike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

strike is always at _________ with the true dip direction

A

right angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When the dip layer is measured in a direction that is essentially at
right angle (90 deg) to the strike of that particular layer.

A

true dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of angle of dip

A

Horizontal - 0 deg
Inclined - 0-90 deg
Vertical - 90 deg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When the dip of layer is measured in any other direction
which is not at right angle (90 deg) to its strike direction

A

apparent dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When sedimentary rocks are deposited in an originally sloping basin they are also inclined in the same fashion. Thus, if original slope of the basin of deposition is anything between 5-10
degrees the sedimentary formations accumulating over there in the period of time, will also have the same direction, such dips are
called Depositional Gradient

A

Primary Dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in inclination induced in the strata after its
deposition due to the Tectonic Force. Secondary dip may range in
value up to vertical (90). Most folded mountain ranges of the world strata exhibit this kind of dip

A

secondary dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

are inclinations of the rocks exposed in a limited area of
observation. They may be primary or secondary or may not show
any appreciable variation laterally or with depth

A

local dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

an averaged general inclination of a series of
formation exposed over a wide area . These rocks may show
varying local dips, both in respect of degree and directions of
inclination.

A

regional dip

28
Q

Force applied over an area

A

stress

28
Q

observable deformation in the rock

A

strain

29
Q

the result of rapidly applied
high stress which “break the rock”

A

brittle deformation

30
Q

contact between two rock units

A

unconformity

30
Q

the result of slowly applied,
constant, low stress which “bend the rock”

A

ductile deformation

31
Q

Preferred orientation of planar rock bodies
and/or minerals

A

foliation

32
Q

Zones of deformed rock that have accommodated
movement

A

shear zone

32
Q

Preferred orientation of linear minerals and
rocks

A

lineation

33
Q

are usually erosional contacts that are parallel to the bedding planes of the upper and lower rock units

A

disconformity

33
Q

the contact that separates a younger sedimentary rock unit from an igneous intrusive rock or metamorphic rock unit

A

nonconformity

34
Q

the contact that separates a younger,
gently dipping rock unit from older
underlying rocks that are tilted or
deformed layered rock.

A

angular unconformity

34
Q

Once the elastic limit (strength) of a rock is
surpassed, it either flows or fractures.

A

brittle deformation

35
Q

fractures along which no appreciable displacement has occurred

A

joints

35
Q

often accomplished by gradual slippage
along planes of weakness within the atomic structure of mineral grains

A

ductile deformation

36
Q

joint that share a
similar orientation in the same
area. Or it is a family of parallel
evenly spaced joints

A

joint set

37
Q

two or more
intersecting joint sets in the
same area

A

joint system

38
Q

which the block
have separated for the small
distance to right angle to the
fracture surface

A

open joints

39
Q

there is no such
separation. Joints may be
capable of allowing fluid (gas
and water ) to pass through the
rock

A

closed joints

39
Q

small in their
extension confined to only one
part of layer. It is called as
discontinuous joints.

A

small joints

40
Q

existence of asperities between discontinuity
suggest stability of shearing

A

roughness

41
Q

distance between discontinuity surface

A

separation

42
Q

in the case of UG excavation, discontinuity is considered continuous if _________ than the dimension of the excavation

A

its length is greater

43
Q

In tunnels, GW in liters per minute per _______ of the excavation
should be determined

A

10 meters

44
Q

fractures at the scale of centimeters or less

A

shear fractures

44
Q

A fracture or break in a rock along which a
movement occurs

A

fault

45
Q

Shear Fractures at the scale of a millimetre or
less which may be visible only under a microscope.

A

micro faults

46
Q

fragmented rock produced by the
grinding action of a fault at low pressure (low
depth) activity

A

cataclasite

47
Q

recrystallized rock generated by deep
(high pressure) fault motion

A

mylonite

48
Q

types of faults according to attitude of the fault surface

A

high angle fault - fault dip > 45 deg
low angle fault - fault dip < 45 deg

48
Q

fault zone rocks that contain
mylonites that deform in a ductile manner

A

ductile shear zones

48
Q

3 criteria for recognizing faults

A

Features intrinsic to faults themselves
Effects on geologic or stratigraphic units
Effects on physiographic features

49
Q

are linear features characterized by sharp
increases in the topographic slope; they suggest the presence of faults

A

scarps

50
Q
  • are continuously linear breaks in slope that result directly from displacement of topography by a fault
A

fault scarp

51
Q

a smoothly polished surface caused by
frictional movement between rocks along the two sides of
a fault. This surface is normally striated in the direction of
movement.

A

slickensides

51
Q

relative displacement parallel to the dip of the fault plane (up-down movement)

A

dip-slip fault

51
Q

are linear topographic features
characterized by an anomalous decrease in slope. They form where a fault displaces an originally smooth slope so that a strip of shallower slope results, or where erosion of
the less resistant rocks in a fault zone produces a shallower slope than is supported by the surrounding, more resistant rocks

A

fault benches

52
Q

relative displacement parallel to the strike of the fault plane (left and right movement)

A

strike-slip fault

53
Q

movement along the direction of the strike and slip (combination movement)

A

oblique-slip fault

54
Q

type of fold in the form of an arch rock dip away from the axis and the oldest rocked exposed at the centr

A

anticline

55
Q

type of fold that is uniform direction of strike but variable angle of dip

A

monocline

56
Q

a reverse fault that has a dip of <45 deg

A

thrust fault

57
Q

type of fold in the form of a through. rocks dip towards the axis and the youngest rocks exposed at the center

A

syncline

58
Q

non curved parts of a fold

A

limbs/sides/flanks

59
Q

curved portion of fold

A

hinge zone

60
Q

limbs dip in the opposite direction at the same angle (symmetrical)

A

vertical

61
Q

limbs dip in the opposite direction at different angle (asymmetrical)

A

inclined

62
Q
A

!Interventional Class 2024 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions