POM_IC Flashcards
first mining technical work
De Re Metallica
Father of economic geology
Georgius Agricola
Invents the safety lamp
Sir Humphrey Davy
Inventor of Dynamite
Alfred Nobel
metal found in pure form; not bound up in some mineral
native metal
most abundant native metal
copper
seven metals of antiquity
Gold
Silver
Copper
Iron
Lead
Tin
Mercury
alloy of copper and tin
bronze
alloy of molybdenum, manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and boron
steel
alloy of copper and zinc
brass
alloy of gold, palladium, nickel, zinc
white gold
alloy of iron, chromium, carbon, molybdenum
stainless steel
alloy of lead and tin
solder
alloy of gold and copper
rose gold
alloy of iron, carbon
cast iron
alloy of mercury, silver, tin, copper
amalgam
economically mineable ore deposit
orebody
material from which metal or metals can be
extracted at a profit
ore
any naturally occurring substance of
economic value excluding metallic ores, fuels and
gemstones (granite, sand, limestone, etc.)
industrial minerals
unwanted material that is intergrown with ore
mineral
gangue
The material associated with an ore deposit that must be mined to get at the ore and must then be discarded
waste
Type of metal including iron, manganese, molybdenum, and tungsten
ferrous metals
Type of metal including copper, lead ,
zinc, and tin
base metals
Type of metal including gold, silver, the platinum
group of metals
precious metals
Type of mineral including uranium,
thorium, and radium
radioactive minerals
largest nickel producing country in 2023
Indonesia
meaning of OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
factors affecting metal prices
supply and demand
government action
recycling
substitution and new technology
largest REE producing country in 2023
China
how much of a commodity is offered for sale
supply
first mining at surface by Paleolithic humans was in the year
450,000 BCE
type of REE: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium,
europium
light REE
recent factors affecting production of metals and non-metals
recycling and substitutes
type of REE: gadolinium,
terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,
lutetium, scandium and yttrium
heavy REE
quarries directly pay taxes in the
local government treasury
The conduct of daily _________ prior to commencement of the
day’s operation to direct members in the team of their respective tasks.
toolbox meeting
large metallic mines pay their taxes directly to
the national government
Phase 1 of Prospecting and Exploration
regional appraisal
Phase 2 of prospecting and exploration
detailed reconnaissance
stage 2 - Exploration
target investigation (tactical phases)
phase 4 of prospecting and exploration
detailed 3D sampling and preliminary evaluation
phase 3 of prospecting and exploration
detailed surface study/appraisal
stage 1 - Prospecting
Reconnaissance/ Strategic phases
goal is to locate geologic anomalies due to mineral deposits
prospecting
Detects, from a distance, changes in geologic conditions
that may be related to economic mineral conditions. Using
highly sensitive instruments, changes in the geophysical
properties of the earth (anomalies) are measured.
geophysical prospecting
applies knowledge of the genesis and
occurrence of mineral deposits, structural mapping and
mineralogic and petrographic analyses to discover, define,
and appraise mineral prospects.
geologic prospecting
Measures the electrical conductivity
of the earth by conducting a systematic measurement of
voltages from the surface
Electrical: Self Potential.
A field of electricity can be
created in the ground by passing a measured amount of
electric current through it using two electrodes and a
generator. By measuring the voltage caused by this field with
a second pair of electrodes a known distance away, the
geophysicist can calculate the electrical property of the
ground known as resistivity
Electrical: Induced Polarization.
The instrument which detects changes in
gravity–a ________–can register a variation in gravity on
the order of one part per hundred million, which means that
a measurable change can be noted when the instrument is
raised or lowered a mere two inches.
gravimeter
detects minute changes caused
by the near presence of ore bodies, usually metallic, in the
chemical composition of samples of air, groundwater, soil, or
botanical specimens
geochemical prospecting
3 difference between Prospecting and Exploration
Locale
Physical Samples
Data
goal is to determine the geometry,
extent, and worth of an ore deposits
exploration
does not recover core samples.
Recovers the drill cuttings instead.
non-coring drilling
This is usually carried out on core
drill cores, drill cuttings, and or excavation debris.
geologic logging
recovers core samples from drill holes for
core logging
coring drilling
concentration of the metal in the orebody
ore grade
Logging is done on the borehole and not on a recovered
core typically using geophysical prospecting methods.
borehole logging
the line that marks the center of a stope. Useful
for orienting the stope in a left-right direction
center line
lowest mineable grade
cutoff grade
agent, compound, or mixture that
undergoes very rapid decomposition when initiated by heat,
impact, friction, or shock
explosive
speed at which the
detonation front propagates through a column of explosive
detonation velocity
The explosive is said to _______ if the DV is supersonic.
detonate
an explosive material that can be
caused to detonate with a No. 8 blasting cap when
unconfined
high explosive
The explosive is said to _______ if the DV is subsonic
deflagrate
a mixture consisting of a fuel and
oxidizer, intended for blasting but otherwise not an explosive (cannot be detonated with a No. 8 blasting cap)
blasting agent
an explosive material that can be
caused to deflagrate (burn) when unconfined.
low explosive
Dynamites, Gelatins, Semi-gelatins, Water
gels & slurries and Emulsions
high explosives
Water gels & slurries and Emulsions, ANFO,
Blends
blasting agent
Type of explosive:black powder
low explosive
surface methods
in which reclamation is deferred until all or nearly all of
the deposit is removed within economic limits
open pit mining
produces from a deposit prismatic
blocks of mineral which are both roughly sized and shaped.
dimension stone quarrying
used mainly for coal, which resembles open pit mining but differs in
one unique respect: The overburden is not transported to
waste dumps for disposal but cast or hauled directly into
adjacent mined-out panels
open cast mining
a method for surface highwall or outcrop
recovery of coal by boring or excavating openings into the
seam beneath the overburden
auger mining
augering is a
supplemental method used in conjunction with ________
open cast mining
intended for the recovery of heavy minerals from
mainly alluvial or placer deposits, using water to excavate,
transport, and/or concentrate the mineral.
placer mining
employed for the extraction from the earth
of soluble or fusable minerals or those that can be slurried,
using water or a liquid solvent
solution mining
mining methods that utilizes
minimal ground support in extraction of the valuable ore
materials
unsupported methods
Ore—or more commonly, coal—is extracted
from rectangular shaped rooms or entries in the ore body or
coal seam, leaving parts of the ore or coal between the
entries as pillars to support the hanging wall or roof.
room and pillar
tunnels primarily used for ventilation
bleeders
characterized by irregularly
shaped and sized pillars left for support which may require
little or no planning and the commodity being mined is a
mineral other than coal.
stope and pillar
a vertical, overhand
mining method whereby most of the broken ore remains in
the stope to form a working floor for the miners
shrinkage stoping
a patented variation of
Sublevel Stoping and Shrinkage Stoping. It is much safer
because miners and equipment do not enter the stope, and
it is amenable to a high level of mechanization. In these
two differences, it has overcome the two primary
disadvantages of shrinkage stoping
vertical crater retreat
also known as blasthole or
longhole stoping, is an open stoping, high-production, bulk
mining method applicable to large, steeply dipping, regular
ore bodies having competent ore and rock that require little
or no support
sublevel stoping
those methods which require
substantial amounts of artificial support to maintain stability in exploitation openings and systematic ground control through out the mine; employed when the other two categories of methods, unsupported and
caving—are not applicable
supported methods
normally an overhand mining
method in which horizontal slices of ore are excavated in the
stope and replaced with waste as fill.
cut and fill
which systematic or random timbering with simple supports is employed for ground control; designed for rock masses that are
weak but somewhat competent – not as weak to require square sets, but not sufficiently competent to use cut and fill
stull stoping
used to mine in
the weakest of rock masses. It is extremely expensive. The
concept of the method is simple: we will mine only a small
volume and immediately build and place timbers into the
opening to support it on all sides. The timbers will be precisely
cut and fitted to form a cuboid.
square set stoping
those associated with induced,
controlled, massive caving of the ore body, the overlying
rock, or both, concurrent with and essential to the conduct of
mining.
caving methods
exploitation method used in fairly flatlying, thin, tabular deposits in which along face is established
across a panel between sets of entries and retreated or
advanced by narrow cuts, aided by the complete caving of
the roof or hanging wall
longwall mining
a mass mining method based upon the
utilization of gravity flow of the blasted ore and the caved waste Rock
sublevel caving
a general term that refers to a mass mining
system where the extraction of the ore depends largely on the
action of gravity
block caving
cryptocrystalline form of quartz
flint
location of the largest coal deposit
Wyoming, US
pillars of coal in room and pillar mining can be recovered by
retreat mining
