Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

!Interventional Class 2024 > Sedimentary Petrology > Flashcards

Sedimentary Petrology Flashcards

1
Q

a broad scientific discipline that encompasses study of
all kinds of sedimentary rocks, including those that
constitute a relatively small volume of total
sedimentary rocks

A

sedimentary petrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the removal of thick layers of sediments
overlying deeply buried by erosion or uplift

A

unloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rocks which form at low temperatures and pressures at the surface of Earth owing to deposition by water, wind, or ice. covers roughly 3/4 of Earth’s surface

A

sedimentary rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

steps in forming sedimentary rock

A

weathering-erosion-transportation-deposition-diagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The chemical alteration, physical, and biological
breakdown of rock during exposure to the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere

A

weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of weathering

A

mechanical/physical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the
expansion force of water as it freezes sufficient
to split any mineral or rock

A

freezing and thawing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

– action of organisms, including animals and
plants reduces the size of rocks and minerals

A

organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences
in temperature in a rock give rise to differential
expansion and contraction

A

heating and cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Requires the application of some physical force or stress to be applied to the rock
→ No accompanying changes to the composition of rocks
→ Mechanical breakup increases the rock’s surface area and the surface-to-volume ratio

A

mechanical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grinding action, or the
rubbing of moving rock against each other.

A

griding or rubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

– the disruption of soil results
in the swelling and contracting of soil beds and particles

A

wetting and drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

→ breakdown of minerals by chemical reactions with water, with chemicals dissolved in water, or with gases in the air.
→progression from less stable minerals to more stable minerals

A

chemical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • the dissolving of a solid in a liquid
A

dissolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

process of minerals reacting with water
to form hydroxides, which usually are more soluble than
the original mineral

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

weathering is accelerated by the
presence of hydrogen ion in water, such as that
provided by carbonic and organic acids

A

acidification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

– involves the transfer of charged atoms
(ions) of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium between
waters rich in one of the ions and a mineral rich in another
(Most effective in clays)

A

ion exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

used in mineral weathering, is both the chemical combination of oxygen with a compound and the change in oxidation number of some chemical element (Reduction is the chemical process in which electrons are gained.)

A

oxidation and reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

– combination of a solid mineral or
element with water

A

hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

agents of erosion (GIOWW)

A

Gravity Ice Organism Water Wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Agents of Sediment Transport (IWW)

A

Ice Water Wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Measures smoothness of the sediment grains

A

roundness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

long distance of transport = ______ roundness

A

rounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

short distance of transport = ______ roundness

A

angular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Measure of variation in size of sediment
grains

A

sorting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

short distance of transport = ______ sorted

A

poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the geological process where materials, such as sediment, soil, and rocks, that have been transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity, are laid down or settled in a new location.

A

deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

long distance transport = _____ sorted

A

well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stage of diagenesis that is from sedimentation until shallow burial

A

early diagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical, chemical, and biological processes which collectively result in:
→ Transformation of sediments into sedimentary rock
→ Modification of the texture and mineralogy of the rock

A

diagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stage of diagenesis that is from deep burial to subsequent uplift

A

late diagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diagenetic process that squeeze or compacts sediments

A

compaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diagenetic process in which there is formation of new minerals

A

authigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diagenetic process that takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among sediments

A

cementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basic end products, that all sedimentary processes are working to reach

A

quartz sandstone
shale
limestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

= all visible grains, including such ones
is incompletely weathered feldspar from the granodiorite in the simple ideal model

A

quartz sandstone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

all clay sized grains

A

shale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

= all dissolved minerals, including not only
calcite CaCO3, but also halite (table salt NaCl), and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) among others

A

limestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

categories of sedimentary rocks

A

clastic/siliciclastic rocks
chemical rocks
biochemical rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

category of sedimentary rocks that is formed by the end products of mechanical weathering. classified according to texture and composition. made up of clast or framework grains, matrix, and cement

A

siliciclastic rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

category of sedimentary rocks that is formed by direct precipitation from solution

A

chemical rocks

23
Q

category of sedimentary rocks that is formed by biogenic and chemical processes

A

biochemical rocks

24
Q

Composed of the mineral calcite (CaCO3 – calcium carbonate)
* They form by both chemical and biochemical processes
* Tend to be mixed together in various combinations in the rocks.
* They are extremely abundant and important.

A

Carbonates

25
Q

peat and coal always form in the presence of _________

A

clastic rocks like sandstone and shale

25
Q

Composed of SiO2
* Forms from the recrystallized skeletons of “animals” (single celled radiolarians, and glass sponges) or single celled “plants” (cratoms, silicoflagellates

A

chert

25
Q

Halite (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4.H2O)
*Originally dissolved in sea water
* Sea water evaporates in a closed area, such as a lagoon, the salt concentration becomes very high, supersaturated, and precipitates out

A

evaporites

26
Q

coal that has generally lower sulfur content, which makes it attractive for use because it is clean burning

A

sub bituminous coal

26
Q

coal ranks

A

Lignite-Sub bituminous-Bituminous-Anthracite

26
Q
  • Structure found in sedimentary rocks
  • Formed during or immediately after deposition
  • Reflects different sedimentary processes
  • May be used to determine the environment, flow
    direction and tops and bottoms of sedimentary rocks
A

sedimentary structures

27
Q

coal that is used primarily to generate electricity and make coke for steel industry

A

bituminous coal

27
Q

*Formed by the deposition of sediments
*Bed > 1cm
*Lamination <1 cm

A

stratification

27
Q

also called as brown coal, mainly used for electric power generation

A

lignite

28
Q

Formed by the drying up and shrinkage of muddy sediments
Suggests a terrestrial environment

A

mudcracks

28
Q

– alternating light and dark-colored
laminations which reflect changes in season

A

varves

29
Q

Gradual change in grain size from bottom to top strata

A

graded bedding

29
Q
  • Stratifications that are at an angle to the main bedding plane
  • Indicates flow direction
A

cross stratification

30
Q

formed on top of the bed by the action of waves (symmetric)or currents
(asymmetric)
Indicates flow direction

A

ripplemarks

31
Q

→Craters and pothole formed by the impact of rain on sediments

A

raindrop imprints

32
Q

A mass of sedimentary rock which can be
defined and distinguished from other by its
geometry, lithology, sedimentary structures,
paleocurrent pattern, and fossils

A

sedimentary facies

33
Q

sedimentary environments

A

terrestrial/continental
transitional (shoreline)
marine

34
Q

a fan-shaped, terrestrial deposits
* Found at the transition of mountains and plains.
* where there is tectonic movement which maintains high relief between
mountains and plains
* Formed as mountains shed sediment off their flanks, streams carry it away
as alluvium.

A

alluvial fan

35
Q

Composed of coarser particles – cannot be carried by suspension
-particles move along by:
1. rolling
2. sliding
3. saltation

A

bedload

36
Q

Rivers/streams are elongated bodies of water that flows through
channels

A

fluvial/river

36
Q

– describes activity of deposits of
winds

A

eolian

37
Q

ability of streams to carry sediments is described by ___________ and __________

A

competence and capacity

37
Q
  • Formed in depressions or basins with internal drainage or limited flow
  • Geometry – circular or elongate in plan view, lenticular (lens-like) in cross section
A

lacrustine

38
Q

Two types of channels

A

meandering and braided

39
Q

sand transport where large particles are rolled to the surface after coming into contact with saltating particles

A

creep

40
Q

sand transport where bouncing and jumping movement of grains. it involves bedload

A

saltation

41
Q

sand transport that occurs when fine dust and dirt are lifted into the wind that involves suspended load

A

suspension

42
Q

the process of erosion produced by the suspended particles that impact on solid objects.

A

wind abrasion

43
Q

form when there is (1) a ready supply of sand, (2) a steady wind, and (3) some kind of obstacle such as vegetation, rocks, or fences, to trap some of the sand

A

dunes

43
Q

crescent-shaped dunes. They form in areas where there is a hard ground surface, a moderate supply of sand, and a constant wind
direction.

A

barchans dunes

44
Q

unconsolidated, unstratified aggregation of small, angular mineral
fragments, usually buff in color. General believed to be wind-deposited

A

loess

45
Q

long straight dunes that form in areas with a
limited sand supply and converging wind directions.

A

linear dunes

45
Q

– large fields of dunes that resemble sand with a steep
face in the downwind side, form in areas where there is abundant supply of
sand and a constant wind direction

A

transverse dunes

46
Q

– are “U” shaped dunes with an open end facing
upwind. Form in areas with abundant vegetation and constant
wind. Most common in coastal areas.

A

parabolic dunes

47
Q

– dunes with variable arms and slip face directions.
Form in areas with abundant and supply and variable wind
direction

A

star dunes

47
Q

The largest type of glaciers on Earth.
-Cover large areas of the land including mountain areas.
-Modern ice sheets cover Greenland and Antarctica.

A

ice sheets or continental glaciers

47
Q

where ice can be created and remain all year round

A

snowline

48
Q

Permanent (on a human time scale) body of ice that shows evidence of downward movement due to gravitational pull.
* Form at or above snowline

A

glacier

48
Q

-Relatively small glaciers at higher elevations in mountainous regions
- small glaciers that form valleys

A

alpine/mountain glaciers

49
Q

-Are sheets of ice floating on water and attached to land.
-Usually occupy coastal embayments

A

ice shelve

49
Q

particle detachment by moving glacial ice

A

plucking

50
Q

bowl shaped depressions that occur at the
heads of mountain glaciers

A

cirques

50
Q

valleys that once contained glacial ice
become eroded into a “U” shape in cross section

A

glacial valleys

51
Q

– long parallel scratches and grooves that are produced by rocks embedded in the ice scraping against the rock underlying the glacier

A

glacial striation

51
Q

rock that has a smooth surface produced as a result of fine
grained material embedded in the glacier acting like sandpaper on the
underlying surface.

A

glacial polish

51
Q

– if two adjacent valleys are filled with glacial ice,
the ridges between the valleys can be carved into a sharp knife-edge ridge,

A

aretes

52
Q

where three or more cirques are carved out of a
mountain, that can produce a sharp peak

A

horns

52
Q

a valley that has greater elevation than the
valley to which it is tributary

A

hanging valleys

53
Q

narrow inlets along seacoasts once occupied by a fjord glacier.

A

fjords

54
Q

general term for glacial deposits

A

glacial drifts

55
Q

environments that are at or near the
transition between the land and the sea

A

transitional environments

55
Q

Prograding depositional bodies that form at the point where a river drains into a lake or sea

A

delta

56
Q

parts of a delta

A

delta plain-delta front-prodelta

57
Q

types of delta

A

river-dominated
tidal-dominated
wave-dominated

57
Q

Shallow salt water body separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar feature
-Quiet waters allow fine silt and clays to settle out of suspension, forming sequence of mudstone and shale

A

lagoon

58
Q

continuous or broken circle of coral reef and low coral islands surrounding a central lagoon

A

atoll

58
Q

Shore of a body of water formed and washed by waves and tides.
Usually covered by sandy or pebbly material

A

beach

59
Q

a long narrow coral reef roughly parallel to the shore
separated from it at some distance by a lagoon

A

barrier reef

59
Q

Coral reef that is directly attached or borders the shore of an island or
continent.

A

fringing reef

!Interventional Class 2024 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions