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!Interventional Class 2024 > Igneous Petrology > Flashcards

Igneous Petrology Flashcards

1
Q

the branch of geology that
focuses on the study of rocks and the
conditions under which they form

A

Petrology

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2
Q

Thickness of oceanic crust

A

10 km

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3
Q

crust the has a uniform stratigraphy

A

oceanic crust

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4
Q

thickness of continental crust

A

20-90 km

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5
Q

are large, basin-like depressions
formed when a volcano erupts and
collapses. They can host secondary volcanic
features such as lava domes and smaller
craters

A

caldera

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6
Q

crust that has a variable composition

A

continental crust

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7
Q

seafloor spreading takes place along a divergent plate boundary. the planet’s largest magmatic system

A

mid-ocean ridges

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8
Q

group of islands that forms from volcanic activity along a subduction zone

A

island arcs

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9
Q

coastal region characterized by mountain building activity

A

active continental margins

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9
Q

thinning process of the lithosphere, leading to the rupture of the continent and the formation of mid-ocean ridges

A

intercontinental rifts

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10
Q

are large, steeply-sloped volcanoes built from alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. They are known for their explosive eruptions

A

stratovolcano (composite volcano)

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11
Q

volcanic rock, usually basaltic, erupted in oceans away from tectonic plate boundaries

A

ocean island basalts

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11
Q

bodies of rocks built up by central eruption

A

volcano

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11
Q

one tectonic plate subducts under another. formed by back-arc spreading

A

back arc basins

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12
Q

have broad, gentle slopes and
are built by the flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
Their eruptions are typically less violent than those
of stratovolcanoes

A

shield volcano

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13
Q

are the smallest type of
volcano, formed from particles and blobs of
congealed lava ejected from a single vent. They
have steep slopes and typically erupt explosively

A

cinder cone volcano

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13
Q

consist of multiple
volcanic centers, including stratovolcanoes,
shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. These
structures form over long periods of volcanic
activity

A

complex volcano (compound volcano)

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14
Q

example of shield volcano

A

binintiang malaki of taal volcano

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15
Q

example of a stratovolcano

A

mayon volcano

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16
Q

example of complex volcano

A

taal volcano

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17
Q

example of cinder cone volcano

A

smith volcano or mt. babuyan

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18
Q

world’s largest caldera

A

Apolaki Caldera in Benham Rise

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19
Q

intrusion that form when magma intrudes between
the rock layers, forming a horizontal or gently dipping sheet of igneous rock.

A

sills

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20
Q

are large, deep-seated intrusions (sometimes called
Plutons) that form as thick, viscous magma slowly makes its way toward
the surface, but seldom gets there

A

batholiths

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21
Q

intrusion that form as magma
pushes up towards the
surface through cracks in
the rock. they are vertical
or steeply-dipping sheets of
igneous rock.

A

dykes

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22
Q

are mushroom-shaped bodies
with a flat floor and a domed roof. Thus, they
appear to have begun forming in the same way
as sills; however, as magma continued to
intrude, it pushed up the overlying layers rather
than continuing to spread out laterally

A

laccoliths

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22
Q

are smaller bodies that are likely fed from deeper level batholiths. It may have been feeders for volcanic eruptions, but
because large amounts of erosion are required to expose a stock or
batholith, associated volcanic rocks are rarely expose

A

stocks

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23
Q

: igneous intrusion associated with a structural basin,
with contacts that are parallel to the bedding of the enclosing
rocks. They can be several miles to several hundred miles in
diameter, with thicknesses up to several thousand feet, are some
of the largest igneous intrusions known

A

lopolith

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24
Q

lava that has a smooth, billowy or ropy surface

A

pahoehoe lava

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25
Q

a pluton parallel to the bedding plane
or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically,
it is a typically lens-shaped pluton that occupies
either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a
syncline

A

phacolite

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26
Q

are lava flows reaching the
surface of the earth along extensive fissures

A

fissure eruptions

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26
Q

lava that is composed of irregular blocks
that lack spines.

A

block lava

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27
Q

an extensive crack in a rock

A

fissure

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28
Q

cones that are built chiefly of
lava that was very fluid at the time of eruption

A

lava cones/shield volcano

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28
Q

composed of rock debris, boulders, and molten materials thrown out during volcanic eruption mixed with water

A

lahar

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29
Q

cones that are built chiefly of pyroclastic
material and may have very steep slopes.

A

pyroclastic cones

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30
Q

cones that are
built of alternating layers of lava and
pyroclastic material

A

composite cones/strato volcanoes

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31
Q

the smaller depression at the top
of a volcano and it is directly above the
conduit or pipe that feeds on the
volcano

A

crater

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32
Q

– the channel way/opening of a
volcano through which magma ascends to the
surface.

A

volcanic vents

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33
Q

are shallow and near-surface
intrusive that fall within the volcanic class,
which represents magma that has solidified in
the vents of eroded volcanoes or as tabular
sheets

A

plugs or necks

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34
Q

first volcanic plug in the Ph

A

Ilijan plug in tubigon, bohol

34
Q

Magma originates from the ________ of
rocks in the Earth’s mantle or crust. this is the process by which only a portion
of a solid rock melts to form magma.

A

partial melting

35
Q

are upwellings of
exceptionally hot and buoyant mantle material that originate from
the deep mantle

A

hot mantle plumes

36
Q

refers to the increase in temperature with depth beneath the Earth’s surface

A

geothermal gradient

37
Q

heating occurs due to the movement of rocks
along fault planes or during tectonic processes

A

frictional heating

38
Q

refers to the movement of thermal
energy from hotter regions to cooler regions within the Earth’s
interior

A

heat transfer

39
Q

Radiogenic heat is generated from the decay of
radioactive isotopes within the Earth’s crust and mantle

A

radioactivity

40
Q

process of magmatic
differentiation whereby ascending
magmas evolve chemically by recruiting
easily melted or dissolved
components(fusible) from the walls of
their conduits.

A

assimilation

41
Q

occurs when
magmas from different sources or
at different stages of evolution
combine, resulting in a magma
with a hybrid composition

A

magma mixing

41
Q

the process
where different minerals crystallize out
of the magma at different
temperatures and settle out,
changing the composition of the
remaining liquid magma

A

fractional crystallization

42
Q

process wherein As magma cools, mineral crystals begin to form

A

crystallization

43
Q

a concept in
geology that explains the order in
which minerals crystallize from cooling
magma

A

bowen’s reaction series

44
Q

degree of crystallization when a rock is composed entirely of crystals

A

holocrystalline

45
Q

degree of crystallization when the rock is composed entirely of glass

A

holohyaline

46
Q

degree of crystallization when the rock is composed of a mixture of crystals
and glass

A

merocrystalline

47
Q

classification which classifies rocks on the basis of where they form

A

genetic

48
Q

Formed from lava that cools and solidifies at
the Earth’s surface. These rocks typically have
smaller crystals due to the faster cooling rate

A

volcanic or extrusive

48
Q

also known as subvolcanic or shallow
intrusive rocks, form from magma that cools and solidifies at medium depths, typically within the upper crust. The cooling process is intermediate, resulting in a texture that
is somewhere between plutonic and volcanic rocks.
Example: Dolerite (also called Diabase

A

hypabyssal

49
Q

formed from magma that cools and solidifies
beneath the Earth’s surface. These rocks typically have larger crystals due to the slower cooling rate.
Examples: granite, diorite, gabbro

A

plutonic or intrusive

50
Q

classification that refers to the
size, shape, and arrangement of
mineral grains.

A

textural

51
Q

Coarse-grained texture
where individual minerals are visible to the
naked eye (e.g., granite)

A

phaneritic

52
Q

Fine-grained texture where
individual minerals are too small to be seen
without magnification (e.g., basalt).

A

aphanitic

53
Q

Which is basic: granite, andesite, basalt, peridotite

A

peridotite

53
Q

Texture characterized by
large crystals (phenocrysts) embedded
in a fine-grained matrix (groundmass)
(e.g., andesite).

A

porphyritic

53
Q

Texture with no crystals, as
the rock cooled too quickly for crystals
to form (e.g., obsidian).

A

glassy

53
Q

Low in silica (45-52%), dark-colored,
and rich in iron and magnesium. Examples include
gabbro and basalt

A

mafic

54
Q

Which is acidic: granite, andesite, basalt, peridotite

A

granite

54
Q

Texture characterized by
the presence of cavities (vesicles)
formed by gas bubbles (e.g., pumice)

A

vesicular

54
Q

Composed of volcanic
fragments ejected during an eruption
(e.g., tuff)

A

pyroclastic

54
Q

classification
involves the analysis of the rock’s chemical
composition, particularly the silica (SiO₂)
content

A

chemical composition

55
Q

color gradation

A

felsic-intermediate-mafic-ultramafic

55
Q

High in silica (>65%), light-colored, and rich in quartz and feldspar. Examples include granite and rhyolite

A

felsic

55
Q

gradation in silica content

A

acidic-intermediate-basic-ultrabasic

56
Q

Intermediate silica content (53-65%), with moderate
color and mineral composition. Examples include diorite
and andesite

A

intermediate

57
Q

Very low in silica (<45%), very dark
and dense, and composed mostly of olivine and
pyroxene. Examples include peridotite and komatiite

A

ultramafic

57
Q

determine elemental concentration, trace
elements, and specific element analysis

A

AAS

58
Q

rock classification that contains neither quartz nor an unsaturated mineral

A

saturated

58
Q

determine elemental composition, concentration
of each element, and quantitative and qualitative
analysis

A

XRF

58
Q

Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O)

A

peralkaline

59
Q

separate SiO4 groups in
which the tetrahedra are not linked
directly to each other but are bound
together by intervening cations

A

nesosilicate

59
Q

groups in igneous rocks according to SiO2 saturation

A

saturated and unsaturated minerals

59
Q

two most abundant component of igneous rock

A

SiO2 and Al2O3

59
Q

rock classification that contains primary silica mineral

A

oversaturated

60
Q

rock classification that contains unsaturated minerals

A

unsaturated

60
Q

Al2O3 > (Na2O + K2O + CaO)

A

peraluminous

61
Q

Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O + CaO) but Al2O3 >
(Na2O + K2O)

A

metaluminous

61
Q

Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O)

A

subaluminous

61
Q

Si2O7 may be considered
as a condensation of two silica
tetrahedra.
They are linked by a common oxygen
which serves as a bridging ion

A

sorosilicate

62
Q

ring structures Si6O18 in
which the SiO4 groups are not
independent but are united through
common oxygen ions in the form of a
ring

A

cyclosilicate

63
Q

continuous single chains of
tetrahedra each sharing two oxygens.
– continuous double chains of
tetrahedra sharing alternately two and
three oxygens.

A

inosilicate

64
Q

continuous shells
of tetrahedra each sharing three
oxygens.

A

phyllosilicate

65
Q

continuous
frameworks of tetrahedra each
sharing all four oxygens.

A

tectosilicate

65
Q

are spherical bodies composed
of fibers of feldspar with radial arrangement
about a common center

A

spherulite

66
Q

refers to rock riddled
with air bubbles which may be almond-shaped, rounded, ellipsoidal, or even tabular

A

vesicular structure

67
Q

term applied to basaltic lava in
which the gas vesicles are numerous and
irregular in shape that is darker and denser than pumice

A

scoria

68
Q

are small cavity formed in volcanic
rock by entrapment of a gas bubble during
solidification

A

vesicles

68
Q

a frothy siliceous lava, produced in
an extreme stage of gas escaping

A

pumice

69
Q

are infilling of vesicles by
secondary minerals such zeolites, carbonates
and various forms of silica

A

amygdules

70
Q

a fined-grained or glassy base

A

groundmass

70
Q

are large and well-shaped
crystals

A

phenocrysts

71
Q

refers especially to a mass
of sanidine laths in subparallel alignments, like
a school of minnows

A

trachytic structure

72
Q

contains large, prominent crystals in a deep-reddish fine-grained matrix

A

porphyritic structure

!Interventional Class 2024 (15 decks)

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