Strongest Boi in the World Flashcards
I can explain how our knowledge of genetics may lead us to an era of elite athletes
We can use genetics to alter the genes of athletes and turn off and on certain genes that will make them more elite
I can explain how our knowledge of genetics may alter the field of agriculture
We can genetically alter animals so that they produce more meat for less. Like the cows that have the anti-myostatin genes and make the cows have more muscle and less fat
I can explain how mt DNA and Y chromosome analysis are used to develop a picture of the migration of ancient humans across the globe
MtDNA-> Mitochondrial DNA-> DNA int he mitochondria that mothers pass to children and can be used to determine the rough timing and order that the ancestors of current people diverged
YDNA-> make inheritance on the y chromosome.
Both are used to track migration of ancient humans across the globe. They do this by seeing the pattern of inheritance across the globe. They can track the genes back and back to the originator and see how each generation moved across the globe from the originator
I can explain the connections between the major species in the genus Homo
All of the species in the genus Homo all evolved from the same ancestor
I can support the argument that there is little DNA evidence for the idea of race
There is little DNA evidence for the idea of race because there is so much variation within the races and the races are as diverse as the population. People differ too much for there to be/ for us to find similarities among races. Race doesn’t mean different species.
I can explain how blood typing helped support our understanding of the idea of race
Blood type was first thought to determine race, but Lewonton said that blood type doesn’t correlate with race. Lewonton said the distribution or variant biochemical markers within any putative human race was almost as wide as the difference as mean distribution of the same marker any two putative races
I can explain how research done by scientists in the past is important to research done today
The findings of Griffith, Avery, Watson and Crick, Franklin and Wilkins, Chargaff, ect has allowed for use to do DNA research to fix genetic disorders that are caused by DNA. The scientists found out about and studied how DNA works and we applied that knowledge and used it in our new genetic disorder findings
I can explain how research on model organisms can help aid in our understandings of human genetics
Because it is unethical to study and toy with human genetics, we study and manipulate the genomes of animals that have similar genomes/genes so that we can infer how certain genes affect humans based off of those findings. For example, we still don’t know what gene contributes to long life. Limited diet and alteration in genes led to longer life spans in C. Elegans
I can explain how society’s view of intelligence has changed in the face of genetic evidence
We have learned that skull size does not correlate with intelligence. We have also learned that gender difference does not influence intelligence much, smart people don’t have other flaws-> fragility
I can explain how our knowledge of genetics has changed the way in which disorders and diseases are viewed and treated
Genetics changed if we think certain diseases and treatable or not. Genetics allows us to analyze disease to determine if and how to treat diseases. We do research on other organisms to hear about our own diseases and how to treat them. The research we’re doing for those diseases and how that helps up. We study other organisms to learn about our own diseases
I can discuss the social and ethical implications of genetic disorders
If you have a genetic disorder, you might not be able to function as a normal person. If you have a genetic disorder then people might avoid you because you seem strange or are dying. Health insurance, people think research is unethical. Employment problems. Health insurance companies will deny you insurance. People think research on eggs/embryos is unethical. Some people will distance from you if they know you have a disease
I can explain how our understanding of plant and animal genomes has impacted our understanding of human genetics
Because human genome is so similar to that of animals and plants, when we learn about the genomes of plants and animals, we learn about our own genomes as well. We can study cat diseases (leukemia, aids, hypotrophic, myocardiopathy) we study dog’s diseases (muscle distorphy, cancer) to gain insight to our own. The jackson memorial lab is a lab of mice with diseases similar to human diseases
I can summarize the successes and faliures of plant and animal cloning
Cloned almost every animal that we talked about. Faliures is that they didn’‘t always do them successfully. Snuppy the dog
I can explain how genetic markers can be used to determine relationships between people and how DNA can be used to determine how closely different humans are related
Haplotypes are passed down and that shows relationships. mtDNA and y-chromosome DNA is passed mother to child (mt) and father to son (y), which shows familial relationships
I can compare and contrast the use of mtDNA and y-chromosome evidence in understanding genetics of the past and present
mtDNA is used to find if people are related through female ancestors if they have the same mitochondrial/similar mitochondrial DNA. Y-chromosome is passed father to son and you can tell if males are related. We use this in the present to see who we are related to (paternity/maternity tests) and in the past to see if people were related (Antoinette and the dauphine)
I can summarize the difference between nuclear DNA and mtDNA/y-chromosome and the way that hey are used in genetic evidence
Mitochondrial DNA is DNA in the mitochondria, which shows mother-child relationships. Y-DNA is used to show father-child relationships, it is the DNA in the y-chromosome in males. Nuclear DNA is DNA in the nucleus
I can give specific examples of crimes/historical events that have been explained using DNA evidence
Marie Antoinette. Dauphine, Franklin of Aragon
I can summarize the impact of genomics on both art and the written word in our society
Common vernacular now includes works like DNA, genes, etc, to show innate talent and ability. People use “clones” in their language.
I can explain how genetic predetermination is already being utilized successful in our society
The embryo of the child is sent to the lab and they extract DNA and multiply if (PCR), and then test it for mutations and diseases that the child hay have when they are born. IF the cell is shown to be unaffected, it is transferred into the womb to hopefully grow into a full-grown child.
I can explain how wealth may allow for a more “genetically privileged” class in the future
Wealthy people can pay for “social sexing” and select the child’s sex or alter the genes of the child so that they have favorable traits. Scientists will be able to edit the genome of the child
I can differentiate between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning: cloning to reproduce. Take an embryonic cell with no nucleus, and use the nucleus from stem cells, electric shock combines them together and then implanted into the uterus
Theraputic cloning: cloning to make tissues or organs. Take embryonic cell with no nucleus, use nucleus from stem cell, combine using an electric stock, grow in a petri-dish. It’s a blastula now-> made up of all stem cells. Extract stem cells and use them to grow organs and tissues because stem cells can do many different things
I can compare and contrast the benefits and drawbacks to using embryonic and adult stem cells
Drawbacks-> Cloned things have health problems, the ethicalness of using embryonic cells. Benefits-> be able to grow new organs and tissues so there isn’t a need for organ donors
I can summarize how SNPs are used to compare DNA sequences
SNP- (single nucleotide polymorphisms) are variations in a single person’s genome and so by using SNP’s you can see if the DNA sequences are from the same person or not. Used to compare how similar or different the DNA sequences are
I can explain the basis of ABO blood typing and can analyze which blood types are compatible/noncompatible via transfusions
When blood transfusions occurs, only the blood cells are transferred, not the plasma so the donatee doesn’t get that blood’s antibodies
A Blood
Antigen: A
Antibody: B
Can donate to: A, AB
Can receive from: A, O
B Blood
Antigen: B
Antibody: A
Can donate to: B, AB
Can receive from: B, O
AB blood
Antigen: A and B
Antibodies: none
Can donate to: AB
Can receive from: A, B, O, AB
O blood
Antigen: none
Antibody: B and A
Can donate to: A, B, O, AB
Can receive from: O
RH + Blood
Antigen: rh
antibody: none
Can donate to: rh+
Can receive from: rh- and rh+
RH- Blood
Antigen: none
Antibody: rh-
Can donate to: rh- and rh+
Can receive from: rh_
I can explain what creates new mutations in a population and what determines whether or not new traits survive
Faulty DNA replication causes mutations. Natural selection determines weather of not the new traits survive by whether the environment the organism lives in permits the new traits survive by whether the environment the organism the mutation as an advantage or hindrance.
I can define and give examples of evolution,natural selection and genetic drift
Evolution: evolving from Homo habilis, erectus, neanderthalensis. Natural selection-> polar bears that are white have advantage.
Genetic drift: when a population is secluded from everyone, seclusion allowed that mutation to occur only in that area-> san Louis valley
I can describe the techniques of PCR and gel electrophoresis and how each can be used at a crime scene and to determine paternity
PCR: polymerase chain reaction. Allows scientists to multiply DNA sample by a million fold so that it can be tested with fathers DNA .Gel electropharesis causes the DNA fragments to separate out into a kind of bar code and try to match it to father. You have to do PCR first to do gel electropharesis. Get more DNA
I can analyze the result of a gene chip to determine evolutionary lineages
The colors represent that the DNA sample is related to whichever DNA sample is on the chip
Gene chip[s
Changed color. Red=1, blue= other
purple= both
white=none
Chimera
Organism with 2 sets of DNA
X- Linked Scid
- Severe combined immune deficiency
- Bubble boi-> no immune system, can’t fight off lived in a bubble so he wouldn’t die
- Infections and sickness symptoms
- Without treatment, he would die within 2 years of birth
- Mostly only affects guys mostly because boys only have one X chromosome
- Girls have two X, so if one has it, the other X will take responsibility
- Gene therapy to cure disease
- Somatic cell gene therapy-> creates healthy immune cells
- Hereditary disease-> if mom has it, boy has a chance of getting it.
Mice
- Have about 30,000 genes and genes similar to humans
- Mice are used to study cancer
- Mice that have genes that enhance memory to study how to make humans stronger and better
- Lab of mice with diseases similar to humans-> Jackson memorial lab
- Mice huge when researching human disorders and diseases
Corn
-Has evolved with/like humans-> important in human evolution
-Eaten for a long time
-Aritficial selection-> highly developed corn that we eat
-GMO corn-> people think it is unsafe. BT corn has toxins that can kill insects, might be problem because killing insects.
-Corn has 2x as many genes as humans
How it helps humans-> linking groups to base pairs, first genome found in corn
