DNA Replication

Question 1

What are the two main questions that scientists had to investigate to develop our modern understanding of DNA.

Answer 1

1. Is DNA or protein the genetic material 2. What is the structure of DNA

Question 2

Scientists important to our modern understanding of DNA

Answer 2

• Miecher - Griffith - Avery - Hershey and Chase - Chargoff - Franklin and Wilkins -Watson and Crick

Question 3

What is the function of DNA

Answer 3

Store and use information to direct all activities and copy itself EXACTLY for new cells

Question 4

What is the monomer and polymer of DNA and their connection

Answer 4

Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: DNA strand : Double strand of bonded nucleotides or double helix

Question 5

What is DNA made of

Answer 5

Carbon, hydrogen, Phosphate, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 6

How does a nucleotide want to it’s three neighbors

Answer 6

By forming bonds between the phosphate groups

Question 7

Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA and why

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonds form the rungs of the latter, hold spaces together Why: connects nitrogenous bases

Question 8

Where are covalent bonds found in DNA and why

Answer 8

Covalent bonds form the bond between the sugar backbone and the nitrogenous base of the nucleotide in the rungs of the latter

Question 9

Define DNA

Answer 9

Nucleic acid polymer that records genetic information and transmit it from generation to generation

Question 10

Define nucleotide

Answer 10

Nucleic acid monomers composed of five carbon sugar basis, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate – makes up DNA and RNA

Question 11

Define genes

Answer 11

A section of DNA that determines hereditary traits

Question 12

Define chromosomes

Answer 12

X structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes – DNA and nucleotides – Tightly coiled chromatin

Question 13

Define histones

Answer 13

DNA binding proteins that assist in compacting and folding DNA into a chromosome – DNA coils around histones

Question 14

How do chromosomes, nucleotides, genes, and DNA relate to each other

Answer 14

Nucleotides make up DNA and DNA makes up a gene because a gene is a section of DNA. DNA is coiled using and or around histones to make up chromosomes which is coiled DNA

Question 15

Define replication

Answer 15

Copying DNA/duplication

Question 16

The stages of DNA replication

Answer 16

1. DNA Helicase: “unzips” And separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. Part where the two DNA strands separate is called the replication fork. Multiple replication forks for an along the DNA strand. 2. DNA polymerase: holds two strands apart and assembles and proofreads strands. Moves five prime to three prime, leading strand, Easley while three prime to five prime, lagging strand, is synthesized in pieces for ligase to tie together. Three – flooding nucleotides join unpaired bases on those two single strands with the help of DNA polymerase and primase. DNA ligase uses ATP energy source to seal the copies together

Question 17

What does helicase do in DNA replication

Answer 17

Uncoils, separates the DNA strands

Question 18

What does polymerase do

Answer 18

DNA polymerase inserts nucleotides, forms bonds, and proofreads

Question 19

What does ligase do

Answer 19

Balance DNA fragments on the three prime to five prime Strand

Question 20

What does a replication fork do

Answer 20

Where are the two DNA strands separate

Question 21

What did Meicher do

Answer 21

DNA first copied from cells

Question 22

What did Griffith do

Answer 22

Studied how bacteria cause pneumonia, determined some factor was being transmitted from nonliving bacteria to living bacteria

Question 23

What did Avery do

Answer 23

Designed and experiment to further test Griffith findings, concluded genes are made of DNA

Question 24

What did Hershey and Chase do

Answer 24

Used viruses called bacterial phages to confirm that DNA is the genetic material

Question 25

What did Chargaff do

Answer 25

Determined the base pair composition of DNA through analysis of data

Question 26

What did Franklin and Wilkins do

Answer 26

Used a technique called x-ray diffraction (crystallography)to study DNA: pictures suggested highly coiled helix

Question 27

What did Watson and crick do

Answer 27

Developed double helix model of the structure of DNA using info about bonding, charaffs rules, and pictures from our X-ray diffraction

Question 28

What are the rules of complementary base pairing in the replication of DNA

Answer 28

– Nitrogenous bases must be complementary, A to T, G toC A purine must bond to pyrimidine

Question 29

Define purine

Answer 29

A double ring of C and N – Adenine – guanine

Question 30

Define pyrimidine

Answer 30

A single ring of C and N - Thymine – cytosine

Question 31

Diagram of DNA

Answer 31

Insert pic

Question 32

Diagram of DNA REPLICATION

Answer 32

Insert pic

Question 33

DNA scientists and what they did

Answer 33

See image

Question 34

PCR explaination and reason

Answer 34

Polymerase chain reaction: allows a short strand of DNA to be amplified about a millionfold. A way to replicate and amplify the production of DNA like DNA replication but manufacturing our own.

Why: crime scene- take the blood, run it through PCR in order to get more DNA.

HOW:cycle between hot and cold temperture that are going through the steps of DNA replication in order to split apart the Dna so the heating will allow the DNA strands to split and the cooling will allow for these primers to come in and attach and assemble the DNA