DNA Replication Flashcards
What are the two main questions that scientists had to investigate to develop our modern understanding of DNA.
- Is DNA or protein the genetic material 2. What is the structure of DNA
Scientists important to our modern understanding of DNA
- Miecher - Griffith - Avery - Hershey and Chase - Chargoff - Franklin and Wilkins -Watson and Crick
What is the function of DNA
Store and use information to direct all activities and copy itself EXACTLY for new cells
What is the monomer and polymer of DNA and their connection
Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: DNA strand : Double strand of bonded nucleotides or double helix
What is DNA made of
Carbon, hydrogen, Phosphate, oxygen, nitrogen
How does a nucleotide want to it’s three neighbors
By forming bonds between the phosphate groups
Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA and why
Hydrogen bonds form the rungs of the latter, hold spaces together Why: connects nitrogenous bases
Where are covalent bonds found in DNA and why
Covalent bonds form the bond between the sugar backbone and the nitrogenous base of the nucleotide in the rungs of the latter
Define DNA
Nucleic acid polymer that records genetic information and transmit it from generation to generation
Define nucleotide
Nucleic acid monomers composed of five carbon sugar basis, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group - Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate – makes up DNA and RNA
Define genes
A section of DNA that determines hereditary traits
Define chromosomes
X structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes – DNA and nucleotides – Tightly coiled chromatin
Define histones
DNA binding proteins that assist in compacting and folding DNA into a chromosome – DNA coils around histones
How do chromosomes, nucleotides, genes, and DNA relate to each other
Nucleotides make up DNA and DNA makes up a gene because a gene is a section of DNA. DNA is coiled using and or around histones to make up chromosomes which is coiled DNA
Define replication
Copying DNA/duplication
The stages of DNA replication
- DNA Helicase: “unzips” And separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. Part where the two DNA strands separate is called the replication fork. Multiple replication forks for an along the DNA strand. 2. DNA polymerase: holds two strands apart and assembles and proofreads strands. Moves five prime to three prime, leading strand, Easley while three prime to five prime, lagging strand, is synthesized in pieces for ligase to tie together. Three – flooding nucleotides join unpaired bases on those two single strands with the help of DNA polymerase and primase. DNA ligase uses ATP energy source to seal the copies together
What does helicase do in DNA replication
Uncoils, separates the DNA strands
What does polymerase do
DNA polymerase inserts nucleotides, forms bonds, and proofreads
What does ligase do
Balance DNA fragments on the three prime to five prime Strand
What does a replication fork do
Where are the two DNA strands separate
What did Meicher do
DNA first copied from cells
What did Griffith do
Studied how bacteria cause pneumonia, determined some factor was being transmitted from nonliving bacteria to living bacteria
What did Avery do
Designed and experiment to further test Griffith findings, concluded genes are made of DNA
What did Hershey and Chase do
Used viruses called bacterial phages to confirm that DNA is the genetic material
What did Chargaff do
Determined the base pair composition of DNA through analysis of data
What did Franklin and Wilkins do
Used a technique called x-ray diffraction (crystallography)to study DNA: pictures suggested highly coiled helix
What did Watson and crick do
Developed double helix model of the structure of DNA using info about bonding, charaffs rules, and pictures from our X-ray diffraction
What are the rules of complementary base pairing in the replication of DNA
– Nitrogenous bases must be complementary, A to T, G toC A purine must bond to pyrimidine
Define purine
A double ring of C and N – Adenine – guanine
Define pyrimidine
A single ring of C and N - Thymine – cytosine
Diagram of DNA
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Diagram of DNA REPLICATION
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DNA scientists and what they did
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PCR explaination and reason
Polymerase chain reaction: allows a short strand of DNA to be amplified about a millionfold. A way to replicate and amplify the production of DNA like DNA replication but manufacturing our own.
Why: crime scene- take the blood, run it through PCR in order to get more DNA.
HOW:cycle between hot and cold temperture that are going through the steps of DNA replication in order to split apart the Dna so the heating will allow the DNA strands to split and the cooling will allow for these primers to come in and attach and assemble the DNA
