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Biology Honors Semester 2 > Mitosis Notes > Flashcards

Mitosis Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Centro-

A

Central

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2
Q

-mere

A

Part, segment

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3
Q

-some

A

Body

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4
Q

-logous

A

Proportional or equivalent to

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5
Q

Homo-

A

Same

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6
Q

Hap-

A

Single, simple

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7
Q

Kineto-

A

Moveable

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8
Q

Karyo-

A

Cell nucleus

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9
Q

Mit-

A

Thread

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10
Q

-osis

A

Act, process or condition

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11
Q

LIMITS TO CELL SIZE

A

-DNA “Overload”:
-Exchanging Materials/Ratio of Surface Area to Volume:
-

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12
Q

Exchanging Materials/Ratio of Surface Area to Volume:

A

-As a cell gets bigger, its volume (x
3) grows at a faster rate
than its surface area (x
2).
-Eventually the cell cannot transport enough materials
across its membrane to survive.

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13
Q

DNA “Overload”:

A

-As cell gets too large, DNA cannot supply instructions

to make enough protein for the entire cell to function

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14
Q

There are two categories of cells in your body:

A

Somatic Cells

- Gametes

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15
Q

What is cellular revision and how do multi-cellular organisms grow

A

Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis) occurs when one cell
divides and forms two new cells
- Multicellular organisms can only grow by increasing the number of
cells through cell division

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16
Q

Why do cells divide

A

Cells must……
- Pass an exact copy of their genes to new cells
Produce NEW cells that replace worn out or damaged cells, to heal cuts, repair damaged tissues, replace cells that have a short life-span.
- There are limits on cell division: Hayflick Limit

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17
Q

Cells are triggered to divide by……

A
  • Contact Inhibition

- Chemical Signals

18
Q

Interphase DNA

A

DNA is never alone!
- DNA and its associated histones are known
as chromatin
- “Fried Egg” Cell

19
Q

Prophase DNA

A 
When DNA is in coiled form, called
chromosomes
- During cell division, DNA will replicate (copy), only during this time does DNA coil in chromosomes
 If this were a human cell, there would
be 46 chromosomes now visible in
nucleus
20
Q

Centromere

A

Center of chromosome that holds replicated chromatids in the middle/connects chromatids

21
Q

Centrioles

A

Churros, help in formation of spindle fiber

22
Q

Centrosomes

A

Structure around centrioles that actually forms the spindle fibers

23
Q

Are chromosomes specific to species

A

Yes

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

In sexually reproducing organisms, chromosomes occur in

pairs called homologous (same) chromosomes

25
Q

Diploid and Haploid in humans

A

Humans have a diploid number of 46 and haploid number of 23

26
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and eggs cells (gametes) have 23 chromosomes and are haploid

27
Q

Somatic cell chromosomes

A
  • Somatic cells have 46 (or 23 homologous pairs) and are diploid
  • Remember the human sex chromosomes? (autosomes- 1-22 versus sex chromosomes-XX or XY, #23)
28
Q 
-What information can
we get from these
karyotypes?
-How many different
types of chromosomes
do humans have?`
A

-Sex, down syndrome, etc
-23
The two singlets close together aren’t replicated unless they have X shape and centrosome
-Chromosome 23 is sex chromosome (XX for girls XY for guys)

29
Q

Main parts of the cell cycle:

A 
- 3 phases of interphase
(G1,S,G2)
- Mitosis (M Phase)
- Cytokinesis
- G0 Stage
 Nerve cells
 Heart muscle cells
30
Q

Chemical Signals

A

Cyclin

  • Commitment points
  • P53
31
Q

Cyclin

A

Protein that moves the cell cycle from G1 to Mitosis.

32
Q

P53

A

P53 prevents cell from completing the cell cycle if:
- DNA is damaged
- Cell has suffered other types of damage
If damage is minor, p53 halts cell cycle until the damage is repaired – OR – if the damage is major or cannot be repaired, p53 triggers apoptosis or cell death.

33
Q

Types of Reproduction

A

Asexual (Binary Fission) Reproduction

  • This is __Prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryoitic________________.
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • This is eukaryotic, not mitosis -> meiosis__
34
Q

Interphase

A
  • Period of growth, development and rest for cell 3 distinct phase
  • G1: Cell grows in size
  • S: DNA that makes up the chromatin replicates/doubles
  • G2: Cell undergoes rapid growth and prepares to divide, organelles double in number
35
Q

Mitosis

A 
Process of nuclear division in preparation for cell division
-Phases of mitosis
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase (with Cytokinesis)
36
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nucleoli and nucleus disappear
  • Centrosomes form centrioles by dividing in half and moving to opposite sides of the cell
  • Spindle fibers (asters) begin to form
  • Chromosomes form
37
Q

Anaphase

A

-Chromatid pairs separate from each
other
- This stage ends when chromatids reach
the poles of the cell

38
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromatids relax to form chromatin
  • Spindle fibers disappear
  • Nucleus reforms around DNA
  • Stage ends with Cytokinesis
39
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Cell membrane pinches inward and the two new cells
separate
- Animals: Cleavage Furrow
- Plants: Cell Plate

40
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

- Spindle fibers (mictrotubules, asters) attach to the kinetochore on the centromere of each chromosome

Biology Honors Semester 2 (11 decks)

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