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Biology Honors Semester 2 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA transcription:

A

The process by which mRNA is copied from DNA

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2
Q

Stages of DNA transcription:

A
  1. RNA polymerase initiates process by binding to specific regions called promoters found at the start of Gene sequences
  2. Base pairing replication are the same but Uracil to A and the entire coding region is copied
  3. Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reads a terminal signal in the DNA sequence, the RNA molecules detach and move to cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
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3
Q

RNA polymerase function:

A

Read DNA sequence and form corresponding nitrogenus bases.

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4
Q

Promoter:

A

Initiates RNA transcription, is a DNA sequence

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5
Q

Termination sequence:

A

DNA sequence that stops transcription of RNA

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6
Q

Exons:

A

Regions of expressed DNA

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7
Q

Intron

A

Regions of nonexpressed DNA. Formerly known as junk, but known to control protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double strand of bonded nucleotides will RNA is a single strand of bonded nucleotides. RNA has the ribose sugar while. DNA has the Deoxyribose sugar. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

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9
Q

What are the three main RNA molecules:

A

MRNA (Messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)

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10
Q

MRNA structure and function:

A

Messenger Transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis, is a template. A characteristically long single strand

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11
Q

TRNA structure and function:

A

Transfer. carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. A single stranded molecule folded back on itself

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12
Q

Rrna structure and function:

A

Ribosomal. Makes up ribosomes. Is characteristically globular

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13
Q

What is a telomere:

A

A portion of the chromosome, typically the end. Holds it together

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14
Q

What is rnai:

A

RNA interfaces. Forms of RNA used in gene silencing can turn genes on and off

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15
Q

What is snrna:

A

Form of RNA found in the nucleus important in splicing of RNA and maintaining telomeres

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16
Q

What is the link between transcription and translation

A

Transcription allows for the transfer of the message to be used in translation

17
Q

What is the genetic code chart thing used for

A

Shows which codons code for certain amino acids to make the polypeptide chain.

18
Q

What is translation

A

Creating a polypeptide chain by matching up the correct tRNA with anticodon to the MRNA in a ribosome

19
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Creating a polypeptide chain through translation

20
Q

Translation stages

A
  1. Ribosome attaches to start codon on a mRNA molecule
  2. The start codon will pair with the anticodon UAC on a
    tRNA
  3. The tRNA also carries the amino acid methionine.
  4. As the ribosome moves along an mRNA transcript,
    each mRNA codon is sequentially paired with its tRNA
    anticodon
  5. Amino acids are joined to a growing polypeptide chain
    in the order specified by an mRNA transcript
  6. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, translation
    ends
21
Q

What does tRNA do

A

Carries amino acid to ribosome ans has anticodon

22
Q

rRNA

A

Holds mRNA and feeds it through

23
Q

mRNA

A

Has codons that code for specific amino acids

24
Q

Start and stop codons

A

Codons rthat say to start or stop translation

25
Q

Codons and anticodons

A

Match up to determine amino acid sequence

26
Q

Start and stop codons

A

Start: AUG- has amino acid
Stop: UGA, UAA, UAG- does not have amino acid
Controls how long the amino acid is

27
Q

Central dogma and importance to biology

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein . It is the way that DNA information is transported into useable forms to control which proteins are created and what traits people have

28
Q

Point mutation

A
  • Substitution
    Where a nitrogenus base is taken out and replaced with another for shift in amino acid type. Change may not really change gene expression or have a large chance of gene mutation
29
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

-Insertion (a nitrogenus base added)
-Deletion (nitrogenus base subtracted)
Changes the protein a lot which may change the gene expression and there is a large chance of mutation. SHifts entire lineup

30
Q

Different types of Chromosome mutations

A

Deletion: ABC-DEF: AB-DEF
Duplication: ABC-DEF: ABBC-DEF
Inversion:( chromosome shaped thingy) to horizontal thing
Translocation: the order is scrambled up

31
Q

Exeptions to central Dogma

A

Retrovirsu: viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate
Prions: Diseases that appear to be spread through proteins only, without the process of the central dogma

Biology Honors Semester 2 (11 decks)

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