Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What is DNA transcription:
The process by which mRNA is copied from DNA
Stages of DNA transcription:
- RNA polymerase initiates process by binding to specific regions called promoters found at the start of Gene sequences
- Base pairing replication are the same but Uracil to A and the entire coding region is copied
- Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reads a terminal signal in the DNA sequence, the RNA molecules detach and move to cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
RNA polymerase function:
Read DNA sequence and form corresponding nitrogenus bases.
Promoter:
Initiates RNA transcription, is a DNA sequence
Termination sequence:
DNA sequence that stops transcription of RNA
Exons:
Regions of expressed DNA
Intron
Regions of nonexpressed DNA. Formerly known as junk, but known to control protein synthesis
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is a double strand of bonded nucleotides will RNA is a single strand of bonded nucleotides. RNA has the ribose sugar while. DNA has the Deoxyribose sugar. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
What are the three main RNA molecules:
MRNA (Messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
MRNA structure and function:
Messenger Transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis, is a template. A characteristically long single strand
TRNA structure and function:
Transfer. carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. A single stranded molecule folded back on itself
Rrna structure and function:
Ribosomal. Makes up ribosomes. Is characteristically globular
What is a telomere:
A portion of the chromosome, typically the end. Holds it together
What is rnai:
RNA interfaces. Forms of RNA used in gene silencing can turn genes on and off
What is snrna:
Form of RNA found in the nucleus important in splicing of RNA and maintaining telomeres
What is the link between transcription and translation
Transcription allows for the transfer of the message to be used in translation
What is the genetic code chart thing used for
Shows which codons code for certain amino acids to make the polypeptide chain.
What is translation
Creating a polypeptide chain by matching up the correct tRNA with anticodon to the MRNA in a ribosome
Protein synthesis
Creating a polypeptide chain through translation
Translation stages
- Ribosome attaches to start codon on a mRNA molecule
- The start codon will pair with the anticodon UAC on a
tRNA - The tRNA also carries the amino acid methionine.
- As the ribosome moves along an mRNA transcript,
each mRNA codon is sequentially paired with its tRNA
anticodon - Amino acids are joined to a growing polypeptide chain
in the order specified by an mRNA transcript - When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, translation
ends
What does tRNA do
Carries amino acid to ribosome ans has anticodon
rRNA
Holds mRNA and feeds it through
mRNA
Has codons that code for specific amino acids
Start and stop codons
Codons rthat say to start or stop translation
Codons and anticodons
Match up to determine amino acid sequence
Start and stop codons
Start: AUG- has amino acid
Stop: UGA, UAA, UAG- does not have amino acid
Controls how long the amino acid is
Central dogma and importance to biology
DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein . It is the way that DNA information is transported into useable forms to control which proteins are created and what traits people have
Point mutation
- Substitution
Where a nitrogenus base is taken out and replaced with another for shift in amino acid type. Change may not really change gene expression or have a large chance of gene mutation
Frameshift mutation
-Insertion (a nitrogenus base added)
-Deletion (nitrogenus base subtracted)
Changes the protein a lot which may change the gene expression and there is a large chance of mutation. SHifts entire lineup
Different types of Chromosome mutations
Deletion: ABC-DEF: AB-DEF
Duplication: ABC-DEF: ABBC-DEF
Inversion:( chromosome shaped thingy) to horizontal thing
Translocation: the order is scrambled up
Exeptions to central Dogma
Retrovirsu: viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate
Prions: Diseases that appear to be spread through proteins only, without the process of the central dogma
