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Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 > Stroke Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Stroke Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Stroke?

A

Rapid loss of brain function due to disturbances in the blood supply

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2
Q

What are the causes of stroke ?

A

Ischemia and Hemorrhage

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3
Q

What is an Ischemia?

A

lack of blood supply to the brain

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4
Q

What is a Hemorrhage?

A

Burst of a blood vessel

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5
Q

What happens to where the stroke occurs?

A

The affected area of the brain cannot work properly

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6
Q

What are the effects of a Stroke (6)?

A

Movement (Paralysis to one side
Speech and Language
Eating and Swallowing
Vision
Cognition
Perception

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7
Q

What is Hemiparesis

A

Paralysis to one side of the body

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of Stroke (Epidemiology)

A

Second Leading cause of mortality
50% end up with permanent disability
1/5 will have a stroke in their lifetime

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9
Q

What is the energy consumption of the brain?

A

largest source of energy in body
20% of oxygen
50% of glucose

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10
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

Mismatch between cerbral blood flow and metabolic demand

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11
Q

Why is the brain vulnerable to Ischemia

A

High energy requirements compared to low energy reserves, makes the brain vulnerable to lack of blood supply

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12
Q

What does “Time is Brain” mean ?

A

Blood flow should be restored asap, to prevent rapid irreversible damage

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13
Q

What is an Ischemic Core?

A

Ireversibly damaged area.
Blood and oxygen flow are severely diminished resulting in neuronal death

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14
Q

What is the Penumbra

A

Reversible injured brain tissue, surrounding irreversible ischemic core

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15
Q

How long are Ischemic penumbra cells viable for

A

6h-3 days

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16
Q

What is the subacute phase of stroke

A

6-11 days. if cells are untreated during this time the penumbra succumbs to cell death

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17
Q

What is Necrosis

A

Cell death

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18
Q

What is infarctation

A

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply

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19
Q

Complication of Stroke

A

Edema

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20
Q

What is Edema

A

Brain swelling that can develop 24-48 h after stroke—– reaches peak 2-5 days after onset stroke

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21
Q

What is ICP

A

Increased Intracranial Pressure- rise of pressure inside the skull (brain tissue cannot expand)

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22
Q

What is an Ischemic Stroke

A

A blood clot or other blockages causing a decrease in blood flow to brain

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23
Q

What causes an Ischemic Stroke ?

A

Thrombosis and Embolism

24
Q

What are the symptoms of an ischemic stroke

A

Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg
Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, vision problems
Sudden trouble walking

25
Q

What is the therapy for an Ischemic Stroke

A

Thrombolysis(dissolving of blood clot)
Mechanical Thrombectomy
Aspirin
Anticoagulants (warfarin)
Statins
Antipyretics
Neuronprotection (anti-inflammatory)

26
Q

What is a Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Weakened vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain

27
Q

What are the causes of Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

High blood pressure
Ruptured aneurysm
Head injuries
Bleeding disorders

28
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Similar to Ischemic–
Causes severe sudden headache and stiff neck due to subarachnoid bleeding

29
Q

What is the therapy for Hemorrhagic Stroke ?

A

Surgical Clipping/Coil embolization
Medicines to reduce intracranial pressure (osmotic diuretics)
bp management

30
Q

What is the likelyhood of a stroke reoccuring

A

30% of strokes are reoccurent

31
Q

What are anticoagulants

A

slow down blood clotting

32
Q

What are anitplatelets

A

to prevent blood clotting

33
Q

What two pairs of vessels supply the brain with blood

A

Internal Carotid arteries
Vertebral Arteries

34
Q

Where do the internal carotid and vertabral arteries connect

A

in the cranial cavity to create the CIRCLE OF WILLIS

35
Q

What does the internal carotid arteries supply

A

anterior blood supply of the brain

36
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply

A

posterior blood supply of the brain

37
Q

What is the anatomy of the interal carotids

A

Begins at the Carotid Bifurcation on either side of the neck
Each artery travels up through the neck to base of skull
Goes through opening in skull known as CAROTID CANAL
Connects with the CIRCLE OF WILLIS
Terminate middle and anterior cerebral artery
The anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery

38
Q

What makes up anterior circulation

A

The interal carotids and their branches

39
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid

A

anterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries

40
Q

What happens when there is an anterior circulation stroke

A

Unilateral weakness
Dysphasia
Visual Field Defects

41
Q

What is the anatomy of the vertebral arteries

A

Originate in subclavian area
enter skull through foranum magnum
Two vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery and connect to the CIRCLE OF WILLIS
Terminates by ifurcating into posterior cerebral arteries

42
Q

What is the anatomy of the external carotids

A

Begin at the carotid bifurcation on neck
Travel along neck up to ears
Near ear, it divides into its two terminal branches: maxillary artery and superficial temporary artery

43
Q

What is the function of the external carotid

A

Blood supply to face and neck area

44
Q

What are meninges

A

Connective Tissue membranes which ensheath the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

What is the function of the meninges

A

protect brain and achor in bone cavity

46
Q

What are the three layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

47
Q

epidural/extradural Space

A

potential space between dura mater and bone

48
Q

Subdural space

A

potential space between arachnoid and dura mater

49
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

potential space between arachnoid mater and pia mater

50
Q

What are the types of intracranial bleeding

A

Intra axial
extra-axial

51
Q

Intra- axial bleeding

A

bleeding in the brain

52
Q

Extra-axial bleeding

A

outside the brain but within the skull

53
Q

What are the three types of extra-axial haemorrhages

A

Epidural Haemorrhage
Subdural Haematoma
Subarachnoid

54
Q

Epidural Haemorrhage

A

bleeding between dura mater and the skull

55
Q

Subdural Haematoma

A

bleeding in the subdural space

56
Q

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

A

Bleeding between the arachnoid and pia mater

Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 (8 decks)

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