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Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 > Clinical Anatomy of Sensory Systems II > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of Sensory Systems II Flashcards

1
Q

What are cranial nerves

A

A set of 12 paired nerves that arise directly from the brain

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2
Q

What parts of the brain do cranial nerves arise from

A

First two optic and olfactory (arise from cerebellum)

Rest 10 arise from the brainstem

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3
Q

Where do cranial nerves leave the brain

A

exit cranial cavity via Foramina

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4
Q

How are these nerves identified

A

roman numerals

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5
Q

What are the functions of Cranial Nerves

A

Sensory, Motor or Both

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6
Q

Sensory function of cranial nerves

A

see, smell and hear

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7
Q

Motor function of cranial nerves

A

control muscle movements of head and neck

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A

I Olfactory
II Optic
III Occulomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accesory
XII Hypoglossal

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9
Q

I Olfactory

A

Sensory - olfaction

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9
Q

III OculoMotor

A

Motor- movement of eyeball
Parasympathetic- Pupillary constriction and accomodation

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9
Q

II Optic

A

Sensory - Vision

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9
Q

IV Trochlear

A

Motor- Movement of eyeball

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10
Q

VI Abducens

A

Motor- movement of eyeball

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10
Q

V Trigeminal

A

Sensory- general sensation
Motor- opening/ closing moth
- tension of tympanic muscle

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11
Q

VII Facial

A

Sensory - taste
Motor- facial movement and tension of ossicles
Parasympathetic- salivation and lacrimation

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12
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory- hearing, proprioception of head and balance

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13
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory- general sensation, chemo/baroreception and taste

Motor- Swallowing

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14
Q

X Vagus

A

Sensory- general sensation, chemo/baroreception and visceral sensation

Motor- speech and swallowing

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15
Q

XI Accessory

A

Motor- movement of head and shoulders

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16
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

Movement of tongue

17
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

A

Opthalmic (v1)
Maxillary (v2)
Mandibular (v3)

18
Q

Function of the Trigeminal Nerve and its branches

A

Transmission of sensory info from face/oronasal/teeth (pain,temp, vibration, fine and crude touch and proprioception)

Transmission of motor information to muscles of mastication (chewing)

19
Q

Function of V1 Opthalmic Nerve

A

Sensory innervation to the
-scalp
-eye
-nose
-forehead

20
Q

Name the three branches of the Opthalamic Nerve

A

Frontal- innervation of upper eyelid/forehead

Lacrimal- sensory innervation of lacrimal gland

Nasociliary- sensory innervation of mucous membranes of nasal cavity
sensory innervation of eye

21
Q

Function of V2 Maxillary

A

Sensory innervation of
-palate
-nasal cavity
-teeth of upper jaw
- skin o side of nose
-cheek
-upper lip

22
Q

Name the 4 branches of the Maxillary Nerve

A

Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve - supplies the maxillary sinus

Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve- supplies the roots of maxillary premolars

Zygomatic Nerve- supplies skin of zygomatic arch and anterior temple

Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve - supplies maxillary central, lateral and canine teeth

23
Q

Function of V3 Mandibular nerve

A

Contains both motor and sensory branches

Innervates
- lower jaw and face
-muscles of mastication

24
Q

Name the branches of the Mandibular Nerve

A

Buccal Nerve- conveys sensory info from skin of cheek and mandibular gingiva

Lingual Nerve- supplies tongue, mandibular lingual gingiva

Inferior Alveolar Nerve - supplies the skin of chin and skin of lower lip (another branch supplies the mylohyoid)

Auriculotemporal Nerve - sensory innervation to parts of the external ear, scalp and temporomandibular joint

25
Q

Symptoms of Trigeminal Neuragia

A

Episodes of severe facial pain along the trigeminal nerve divisions

Last a few secs/mins/hours

One of the most painful disorders

Can be triggered by everyday sensory stimuli

26
Q

Cause of Trigeminal Neuragia

A

not exactly known
- compression of blood vessel nerve exit to brainstem
-MS
-Stroke
-Trauma

Middle age or older, 0.3% of people

27
Q

Treatment for Trigeminal Neuragia

A

antiepileptics
Microvascular Decompression
Electrocoagulation

28
Q

Does sensory input from the face enter the spinal cord

A

Sensory input from the face does not enter the spinal cord

This info enters the brainstem via the trigeminal nerve, synapsing in brainstem and joining body pathway from there onto the thalamus

29
Q

Does a spinal lesion impact the face

A

NO
Spinal cord lesions does not produce sensory or motor losses involving the face

30
Q

How is sensory information from the head transmitted to the brain

A

Trigeminal Nerve Pathways

31
Q

Function of Trigeminal Pathway

A

Convey mechanosensory, temperature and pain info from face to brain (Temperature, Pain)

32
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

33
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

34
Q

Discuss the Mechanosensory Trigeminal Pathway

A

1st Order- trigeminal nerve enters the brainstem at the level of the pons and terminate on neurons in the principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex

2nd Order- neurons of the trigeminal nucleus complex give off axons that cross the midline and ascend to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus by way of the trigeminothalamic tract

3rd Order- transmit sensory signals from the ventral posterior medial nucles of the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex in the brain

35
Q

Discuss the Pain and Temperature Trigeminal Pathway

A

1st Order- originating from the trigeminal ganglion cells and from ganglia associated with nerve VII, IX, X carry info from facial nociceptors and thermoceptors into pons, descend to M.O and terminate in the spinal nucleus of trigeminal complex

2nd Order- spinal trigeminal nuclei cross midline and ascend to the thalamus in the trigeminothalamic tract

3rd Order- VPM nucleus of thalamus to primary sensory cortex

36
Q

where are and what are the trigeminal nerve nuclei

A

Located in the midbrain, pons and M.O

  • Mesencephalic Nucleus
    -Pontine Nucleus
    -Spinal Nucleus
    -Motor Nucleus
37
Q

Function of the Mesencephalic Nucleus

A

Receives proprioceptive info from muscles of mastication, head and neck

Regulates tooth pain
Mediate the jaw reflex
Project to motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

38
Q

Function of Pontine Nucleus

A

Receives info about discriminative sensation

Light touch of the face, concsious proprioception of the jaw
Project ot Ventral Posterior Medial nucleus of Thalamus

39
Q

Spinal Nucleus

A

Receives info about deep/ crude touch,pain and temp

Receives pain input from trigeminal nerve, facial, and glossopharyngeal and vagus
Project to VPM (Thalamus)

40
Q

Motor Nucleus

A

Located in the upper pons

Contains motor neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication

41
Q

What is Referred Pain

A

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus location

42
Q

Referred pain of Gall Stones

A

Usually felt in the epigastric region

However if the inflammation irritates the peritonum around the diaphragm the pain can travel through the nerve to its origin in C3 AND C5, which is also the origin of the nerves that innervate the right shoulder

Gallstones can cause pain in right shoulder

42
Q

Reason for referred pain for a heart attack

A

Sensory pain neurons from the heart and arm/left shoulder CONVERGE onto the same nerve pathway in spinal cord

CNS cannot clearly discern whether pain comes from heart or from arm

42
Q

Reason for referred pain in an Earache

A

ear shares nerves with other nearby structures (face, eyes, jaw, teeth, upper neck)

Pain that feels as though its in the ear may originate from other structures in the head eg. wisdom teeth, temporomandibular disorders

43
Q

Referred Pain Esophagus Pain

A

local pain in esophagus

Referred pain in abdomen the oblique muscles and the throat

44
Q

Referred Pain Kidney Stones

A

cause visceral pain in the ureter as the stone passes

Referred pain in the lower abdominal wall

45
Q
A

Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 (8 decks)

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