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Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 > Clinical Anatomy of Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Spinal Cord

A

Part of the central nervous system

Consists of Tightly packed nerves extending from the brainstem of the brain

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2
Q

Function of the Spinal Cord

A

Relays motor and sensory info from brain to periphery

Provides seperate neuronal circuits for reflexes

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3
Q

Name two enlargements/ swellings on spinal cord

A

Cervical
Lumbrosacral

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4
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

Located between spinal nerves c5-t1

Innervates the upper limbs

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5
Q

Lumbrosacral Enlargement

A

Located between L1 to S3

Innervates the lower limbs

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6
Q

External Structure of Spinal Cord

A

33 Vertebrae
Arranged in 5 regions
- Cervical
- Thoracic
-Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal

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7
Q

Internal Structure of Spinal Cord

A

grey matter and white matter

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8
Q

Grey Matter

A

Rich in cell bodies
Shape of butterfly with 4 wings (HORNS)

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9
Q

White Matter

A

Column surrounding grey matter
Contains axons

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10
Q

Fissures/ Sulci on Spinal Cord

A

Anterior Median Fissure
Posterior Median Sulcus
Posterolateral Sulcus

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11
Q

Spinal Cord Entry

A

Sensory nerve fibres enter the spinal cord via the Posterior (Dorsal) Root

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12
Q

Spinal Cord Exit

A

Motor and Preganglionic autonomic fibres exit via anterior (ventral) root

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13
Q

Anterior/ Ventral Ramus

A

innervates most of the skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Posterior/ Dorsal Ramus

A

Innervate intrinsic back muscles

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15
Q

Somatosensory System

A

network of neural structures in brain and body that produce perception of
- touch
-temp
-body position
-pain

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16
Q

Sensory Receptors in Skin

A

Thermoreceptor- temp
Mechanoreceptors- pressure and surface texture
Nociceptors- pain

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17
Q

Sensory Receptors in Muscle and Joints

A

provide info about muscle length and tension, joint angles

18
Q

Nociceptors

A

activated by noxious stimuli
-thermal
-mechanical
-chemical

19
Q

Difference in Speed in nerve cell conduction

A

A delta fiber- big diameter and thick myelin sheath

C-fiber- small diameter and thin myelin sheath

20
Q

What is a two- point discrimination scale

A

measures the minimal interstimulus distance required to perceive two simultaneously applied stimuli as distinct

21
Q

Describe how the two-point discrimination test is completed

A

stimulus to the fingertips can be persceived at 2mm

Stimulus on the forearm might not be perceived until 40mm

> > mechanoreceptors of the fingtertips are more numerous than the hand

22
Q

What are the two main somatosensory pathways of the Central Nervous System

A

1) Posterior/ Dorsal Medial Leminiscus (fine touch, vibration, prooprioception)

2) Spinothalamic Pathway (pain and temp)

23
Q

General Third Order Neuron Pathway

A

1st Order- sensory neurons from the peripheries deliver info to SC, neuronal cell body in DRG

2nd Order- cell body in SC or Brainstem, send impulses to the thalamus, these axons decussate at midline

3rd Order- located in thalamus, send impulses to somatosensory cortex

24
Q

Function of Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A

convey sensory info
- fine touch
-vibration
pressure
two point discrimination
proprioception from skin and joints

25
Q

Discuss the Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A

1st Order)- sensory neurons from the peripheries to medulla oblongata (brain stem)
Two possible paths - Cuneate or Gracile

Cuneate Tract: signals from upper limb travel to the facilicus cuneatus and synapse with the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata

Gracle Tract: signals from lower lim travel in the facilicus gracilis and synapse with the gracile nucleus in the Medulla Oblongata

2nd Order) begins in the cuneate or gracile nucleus in M.O, within M.O fibres decussate and travel to the thalamus in the contralateral medial leminiscus

3rd Order) transmit sensory signals from the vetroposterior nucleus of the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

26
Q

Clinical Relevance of the Posterior Column-Medial Leminiscus Pathway

A

Damage at the level below the crossing results in a loss of vibration and joint sense on the same side of the body as the lesion

Damage above crossing point results in damage on the opposite side of the body to the lesion

27
Q

What is the function of the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Convey sensory info regarding
- crude touch
-pain
-temperature

28
Q

Name the two adjacent pathways of the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract (crude touch and pressure)

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (pain and temperature)

29
Q

Discuss the Spinothalamic Pathway

A

1st Order) arise from sensory receptors in periphery, enter the SC and synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn (Substantia Gelatinosa)

2nd Order) carry info from Substansia Gelanintosa to the thalamus

after synapsing with 1st order these fibres decussate WITHIN SC and then form two distinct tracts
- anterior and lateral

3rd Order) carry sensory info from thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

30
Q

Clinical Relevance of the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Lesions here will result in loss of pain, temp, crude touch and temperature sensation

31
Q

Difference between the spinothalamic and dorsal column medial leminiscus pathway

A

Spinothalamic decussates within SC, medial…. decussates at the level of the medulla oblongata

32
Q

What is Brown Sequard Syndrom

A

Hemisection-damage to one half of the brain

33
Q

What are the causes of Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

Trauma
Spinal Cord Tumor
Obstruction of a blood vessel
MS

34
Q

What tracts does Hemisection impact

A

corticospinal (motor)
Spinothalamic (sensory)
Medial Column Dorsal Leminiscus (sensory)

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

loss of different factors at each level of the pathways

  • corticospinal (spastic paralysis)
  • spinothalamic (vibration, fine touch, proprioception)
  • medial dorsal ( crude touch, temp and pain sensation)
36
Q

Where is the primary Somatosensory Cortex located

A

ridge of cortex called the postcentral gyrus, found in the parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus

37
Q

What brodmanns areas does the primary somatosensory cortex consist of

A

Brodmanns areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2

38
Q

What is the function of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

responsible for processing sensations from the body, final destination of the sensory pathways

39
Q

Function of Brodmann areas

A

3a- responds to infr from proprioceptors
3b- processing touch
1- sensing texture of objects
2- perceiving size and shape

40
Q

What does Homonculus mean

A

regions with high receptor density are depicted to have more cortical space

41
Q

What does dermatome mean

A

area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from spinal nerve ganglion

42
Q
A

Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 (8 decks)

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