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Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 > Motor Systems II > Flashcards

Motor Systems II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four functions of the Cerebellum

A

1)Maintenance of posture and balance
2)Motor Learning
3)Cognitive Functions
4)Coordination of voluntary movements

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2
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and give another name for it

A

located at the base of the skull, often referred to as the “Little Brain”

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3
Q

What is the vermis of the cerebellum

A

The vermis connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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4
Q

What is the Vallecula of the cerebellum

A

This is a depression located inferiorly on the cerebellum, in-between the two hemispheres

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5
Q

What is Arbor Vitae

A

This is the white matter of the cerebellum

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6
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe
Flocculonodular Lobe/ PosteroLateral Lobe

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7
Q

What is the primary fissure of the cerebellum

A

separates anterior and posterior lobe

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cerebellum

A

1) Spinocerebellum
2) Vestibulocerellum
3)Cerebrocerebellum/Pontocerebellum

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9
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

A

1)Control of muscle tone and coordination
2) Regulate body and limb movements

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10
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulocerebellum

A

Posture
Balance
Coordination of eye movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Cognitive function of cerebellum
Planning and timing of movements
Evaluating sensory movements

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12
Q

How many layers is the cerebellar cortex made of

A

3 layer- Molecular, Purkinje and Granular

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13
Q

What does the molecular layer consist of

A

stellate cells
basket cells

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14
Q

Purkinje Layer

A

Purkinje cells, which also receive input from inferior olivery nucleus

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15
Q

Granular Layer

A

Granule cells
Unipolar brush cells
Golgi cells

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16
Q

Name the nuclei of the cerebellum

A

Fastigial Nucleus
Globose Nucleus
Emboliform Nucleus
Dentate Nucleus

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17
Q

How does the cerebellum receive input

A

Purkije cells and mossy and climbing fibres

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18
Q

Cerebellum output

A

Originate in the cerebellar deep nuclei

19
Q

What are cerebellar peduncles

A

three fiber bundles carrying the input and output of the cerebellum

20
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

contains afferent fibers from medulla and efferents to the vestibular nuclei

INPUT AND OUTPUT TO CEREBELLUM

21
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Contains afferent from pontine nucleus
INPUT TO CEREBELLUM

22
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

efferent fibers from cerebellar nuclei
OUTPUT OF THE CEREBELLUM

23
Q

Where does the Cerebellum receive sensory input from

A

1)Inferior Olive (learning and memory)
2) Spinal Cord (monitor position and motion)
3)Vestibular Nucleus (posture and postion of neck head and eyes)

24
Q

Pathway of cerebellar output

A

Cerebellar Cortex, Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, Ventral Lateral Complex, Primary motor and premotor cortex

25
Q

Cerebellar Output Function

A

Eye movement, stance, gait, limb coordination

26
Q

What is cerebellar dysfunction

A

Conditions affecting the cerebellum disrupt motor coordination and timing, usually accompanied by a loss in muscle tone

27
Q

General Features of Cerebellar Dysfunction

A

Ataxia
Dysmetria
Decomposition of Movement
Limb tremor during movement
Ataxic Dysarthia: anomalous force, timing and ampliture of movement
Speech has Hypernasality

28
Q

Cause of Cerebellar Dysfunction

A

Stroke
Physical Trauma
Tumors
Chronic alcohol excess
Infection

29
Q

What is a medulloblastoma

A

a lesion in the vermis

30
Q

Symptoms of Medulloblastoma

A

Headache
Vomitting
Drowsiness
Nystagmus; inaccurate visual tracking
Truncal Ataxia; inability to stand upright

31
Q

What pathway does a lesion in the vermis affect

A

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

32
Q

Where is a pontocerebellum lesion located

A

lesions in the dentate nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle

33
Q

Symptoms of a pontocerebellum lesion

A

incoordination of voluntary movements

34
Q

What causes an anterior lobe lesion or degeneration of the cerebellum

A

Common in chronic alcoholics. Caused by a loss in cells (granule cells 10%, purkinje cells 20%, molecular layer 30%)

35
Q

Symptoms of Anterior lobe lesion/ degeneration

A

Gait ataxia
affects lower limbs
failure of heel to toe walk
sensory ataxia

36
Q

What are basal ganglia

A

a group of subcortical nuclei

37
Q

How are basal ganglia grouped

A

Grouping of these nuclei is related to function rather than anatomy

38
Q

What nuclei do basal ganglia consist of

A

Caudate Nuclei
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra

39
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

motor control
motor learning
executive functions and behaviors
control of emotions

40
Q

Input to the basal ganglia

A

Most cortical areas project to the striatum of the basal ganglia

All the projections are referred to collectively as the corticostriatal pathway

travel through internal capsule to reach caudate and putaman directly

41
Q

What is the function of a medium spiny neuron

A

integrate the influences of thousands of cortical pyramidal cells

42
Q

Basal Ganglia Dysfunction

A

Damage to the basal ganglia will result in involuntary movement or impairments to motion
May have difficulty, starting, stopping and sustaining movement

43
Q

Causes of Basal Ganglia Dysfunction

A

drug overdose
head injury
metabolic
mitochondrial (leighs)
Huntingtons
Parkinson

44
Q
A

Advanced Neuroanatomy 1-8 (8 decks)

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