Stroke & Alzheimer

Question 1

blood flow to brain

Answer 1

750 ml/min

Question 2

2 types of stroke

Answer 2

ischemic

hemorrhagic

Question 3

risk factors for stroke

Answer 3

high BP
high cholesterol
heart disease
diabetes
smoking
obesity
smoking
alcohol

Question 4

TPA

Answer 4

must be used within 3 hours of onset

tissue plasminogen activator

Question 5

penumbra

Answer 5

central dead core surrounded by ischemic band w perfused cells

Question 6

penumbra survival depends on

Answer 6

successful return of blood
vol of toxic products
degree of cerebral edema
alteration in local blood flow

Question 7

TIA

Answer 7

reach max intensity immediately

focal ischemic area

Question 8

thrombotic stroke

Answer 8

large vessel- atherosclerotic

thrombus or embolus

Question 9

lacunar stroke

Answer 9

small vessel- deeper in brain

lacunar infarcts leave small cavities (lacunae)

Question 10

causes of lacuna infarcts

Answer 10

embolism
hypertension
small vessel occlusive disease
hematologic abnormalities
small intracerebral hemorrhage
vasospasm

Question 11

embolic stroke

Answer 11

associated w heart

caused by moving clot

Question 12

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 12

rupture of intra-cerebral vessel

hypertension most common cause

Question 13

motor deficits of stroke

Answer 13

happen first
clumsiness
muscles affected

Question 14

cognitive deficits

Answer 14

memory loss
apraxia- can’t carry out learned activities
agnosia- impaired recognition of sensory function

Question 15

treatment of stroke

Answer 15

neuroprotection drugs
hypothermia
repercussion
thrombolytic drugs

Question 16

AD

Answer 16

atrophy in brain
gyri less prominent
fissure is wider
ventricles enlarge

Question 17

amyloid plaque

Answer 17

amyloid precursor protein

in AD, mutation causes cleavage by beta and gamma leads to generation of AB that accums into hard plaques

Question 18

AB generation

Answer 18

oxidation: free radicals
excitoxic: kill neuron
aggregation: phagocyte
inflamm

Question 19

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 19

made up of Tau protein that hold together the microtubule

in AD, Tau is abnormal and microtubule falls apart

Question 20

risk factors for AD

Answer 20

65 or older
brain injury
down syndrome
mental toxicity 
female
family history

Question 21

medications for AD

Answer 21

dont cure but slow down progression
cholinesterase inhibitors
NMDA receptor antagonist
anti-oxidants 
estrogen replacement