CUMM

Question 1

high output failure

Answer 1

excessive need for CO

treatable

Question 2

low output failure

Answer 2

impaired ability to pump

Question 3

systolic failure

Answer 3

decreased contractility = ejection fraction 40%

Question 4

diastolic failure

Answer 4

smaller ventricular size = impaired filling

Question 5

pharmacological treatment for heart failure

Answer 5

diuretics
digitalis
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
nitrate
ACE inhibitor
beta blocker
oxygen therapy

Question 6

surgical treatment for heart failure

Answer 6

intra aortic balloon

VAD

Question 7

3 I’s

Answer 7

injury
ischemia
infarction

Question 8

biomarkers

Answer 8

total CK
CK-MB
myoglobin
Trop 1 & 2
LDH

Question 9

pharmacological treatment for MI

Answer 9

reduce o2 demand
increase blood flow
beta blockers
NTG
calcium channel blockers
aspirin 
ACE inhibitor

Question 10

surgical treatment for MI

Answer 10

coronary bypass
stent
laser revascularization

Question 11

aspirin

Answer 11

inhibits platelet aggregation

Question 12

NTG

Answer 12

increase blood flow by dilating coronary arteries

Question 13

nitrate

Answer 13

vasodilator

Question 14

mitral valve stenosis

Answer 14

cause- rheumatic fever

valves replaced by fibrous tissue and become stiff

Question 15

mitral valve regurgitation

Answer 15

left side of heart

pulmonary congestion

Question 16

aortic valve stenosis

Answer 16

slow calcification

ventricle has time to adapt

Question 17

aortic valve regurgitation

Answer 17

sudden increase in volume in LV, no time to adapt

pulmonary edema

Question 18

FEV1/VC ratio for normal

Answer 18

80-90%

Question 19

FEV1/VC ratio for obstructive

Answer 19

40%

Question 20

FEV1/VC ratio for restrictive

Answer 20

above 90%

Question 21

primary TB

Answer 21

has never come in contact
develop latent infection=granulomas
ppl with inadequate immune systems

Question 22

secondary TB

Answer 22

reinfection or reactivation

Question 23

bronchodilators used for asthma

Answer 23

B2 adrenergic agents
anticholinergic drugs
theophylline

Question 24

B2 adrenergic agents

Answer 24

relax smooth muscles of airways
inhalers- salmeterol, formoterol
oral- albuterol

Question 25

anticholinergic drugs

Answer 25

atropine

blocks action of acetylcholine

Question 26

theophylline

Answer 26

inhibit activity of mast cells

relax smooth muscle

Question 27

causes of emphysema

Answer 27

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, air trapping

Question 28

pink puffers

Answer 28

lack of cyanosis, fighting to ventilate
not associated with bronchitis
barrel chest, wasted figure

Question 29

blue bloaters

Answer 29

non fighters- well nourished
associated with bronchitis
cyanosis
clubbing of finger tips

Question 30

osmotic diuretic

Answer 30

proximal tubule
most effective 65%
create high vol urine after ingesting toxic substance

Question 31

loop diuretic

Answer 31

thick ascending limb
20%
increase elimination of calcium and magnesium elimination

Question 32

thiazide diuretics

Answer 32

early distal convoluted tubule
10%
block Na Cl cotransport

Question 33

potassium sparring diuretics

Answer 33

late convoluted tubule
2-5%
interfere with sodium-potassium exchange
reduce sodium reabsorption, reduce potassium secretion

Question 34

oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 34

shows levels of saturation and oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood
increasing temp
pH
exercise