CUMM Flashcards
high output failure
excessive need for CO
treatable
low output failure
impaired ability to pump
systolic failure
decreased contractility = ejection fraction 40%
diastolic failure
smaller ventricular size = impaired filling
pharmacological treatment for heart failure
diuretics digitalis phosphodiesterase inhibitors nitrate ACE inhibitor beta blocker oxygen therapy
surgical treatment for heart failure
intra aortic balloon
VAD
3 I’s
injury
ischemia
infarction
biomarkers
total CK CK-MB myoglobin Trop 1 & 2 LDH
pharmacological treatment for MI
reduce o2 demand increase blood flow beta blockers NTG calcium channel blockers aspirin ACE inhibitor
surgical treatment for MI
coronary bypass
stent
laser revascularization
aspirin
inhibits platelet aggregation
NTG
increase blood flow by dilating coronary arteries
nitrate
vasodilator
mitral valve stenosis
cause- rheumatic fever
valves replaced by fibrous tissue and become stiff
mitral valve regurgitation
left side of heart
pulmonary congestion
aortic valve stenosis
slow calcification
ventricle has time to adapt
aortic valve regurgitation
sudden increase in volume in LV, no time to adapt
pulmonary edema
FEV1/VC ratio for normal
80-90%
FEV1/VC ratio for obstructive
40%
FEV1/VC ratio for restrictive
above 90%
primary TB
has never come in contact
develop latent infection=granulomas
ppl with inadequate immune systems
secondary TB
reinfection or reactivation
bronchodilators used for asthma
B2 adrenergic agents
anticholinergic drugs
theophylline
B2 adrenergic agents
relax smooth muscles of airways
inhalers- salmeterol, formoterol
oral- albuterol
anticholinergic drugs
atropine
blocks action of acetylcholine
theophylline
inhibit activity of mast cells
relax smooth muscle
causes of emphysema
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, air trapping
pink puffers
lack of cyanosis, fighting to ventilate
not associated with bronchitis
barrel chest, wasted figure
blue bloaters
non fighters- well nourished
associated with bronchitis
cyanosis
clubbing of finger tips
osmotic diuretic
proximal tubule
most effective 65%
create high vol urine after ingesting toxic substance
loop diuretic
thick ascending limb
20%
increase elimination of calcium and magnesium elimination
thiazide diuretics
early distal convoluted tubule
10%
block Na Cl cotransport
potassium sparring diuretics
late convoluted tubule
2-5%
interfere with sodium-potassium exchange
reduce sodium reabsorption, reduce potassium secretion
oxygen dissociation curve
shows levels of saturation and oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood
increasing temp
pH
exercise
