Stress Response General Flashcards
Why is Animal Health (Reducing Stress) Important (3 pts)
Stress Reduces Productivity
Consumers want ethically raised products
Many Livestock Pathogens are zoonotic
One Health Approach
Maintain animal health to maintain human health
Dependence on Antimicrobials has lead to the development of what?
AMR Pathogens
Past Animal Breeding Goals?
Productivity
How are past animal breeding goals related to animal health and fertility?
Productivity, inversely related to animal health and fertility
Stressor
Something that disrupts homeostasis in an organism and in doing so elicits a stress response
Stress Response
Evolutionary conserved response that involves activation of multiple physiological systems during perceived stressor
Physiological systems involved in stress response
Metabolic, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Immune, Neuroendocrine
Stress Response Manifests as …
Flight, Fight, Freeze
Species that is an example of Freeze?
What inherited disorder causes freeze?
Which gene is responsible?
What does this gene code for?
Fainting Goats
Congenital Myotonia
ClCN1 Gene
Chloride Channel
Short Term Activation is also known as what?
How long does it last?
What is it designed to do?
Acute Stress Response
Minutes to Hours
Restore Homeostasis
Long Term Activation is also known as what?
How long does it last?
Can lead to variety of disorders, what types?
Chronic Stress Response
Several Hours/d for weeks-months
Metabolic, Psychological, Reproductive, Immunological
Metabolic, Psychological, Immunological, & Reproductive disorders caused by long term activation of stress response can lead to what?
Increased susceptibility to infections
Autoimmune disorders
Cancer
For stress response to occur first the organism must what?
How is an organism able to do this?
Sense the stressor
5 Senses, Recognition of “non self” and danger signals, communication between microbiome and host
Sensory Input is relayed to the brain by what? (3 pts)
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Cytokines
In the brain the sensory input is recognized as _ which will cause stress response
Danger
Causes of Variation in Stress Response (3pts)
Genetics/Genes
Environment
Gene by Environment Interactions (Epigenetics)
Levels of Variation in Stress Response
Sensory Input
Stress Perception
Stress Response
3 Factors of Stress Resilient Animal
Able to resist, cope/habituate, and recovery from perceive stressor
Low Stress Resilient Animal is easily over come by what?
What can this lead to?
Sensitization to stressor can cause what?
Which can lead to what?
Stressor
Sensitization to Stressor
Hype responsiveness
Disease
True or False: All animals can be overcome by a stressor
True
Types of Stressors
Physical, Chemical, Biological, Psychological
What types of stressor are these examples?
- Heat
- Cold
- Climate Change
- Air Quality
- Water Quality
- Light Intensity/Duration/Wavelenth
- Stray Voltage
- UV Radiation
- Processing
- Radiation
- Restraint/Confinement
- Surgical
- Predation
Physical
What types of stressor are these examples?
- Mycotoxins
- Organosaccharides
- Heavy Metals
- Poisonous Plants
Chemical
What types of stressor are these examples?
- Nutrient Excess
- Feed Restriction
- Parturition
- Negative Energy Balance
- Acidosis
- Inadequate Sleep
- Overtraining
- Dehydration
- Infections
Biological
What types of stressor are these examples?
- Mixing
- Showing
- Weaning
- Herding
Psychological
Infection pressure increases as GHG emissions _
Increase
When is Risk of Viral Infection 10x higher?
What regulates virus (Herpes, Influenza) progression in mice?
What worsens infections?
Which gene is disrupted?
What type of variation is there with this gene?
This cause levels of this gene to be higher or lower in the winter?
What are these levels associated with?
What people are involved with implications of BMAL1 dysfunction?
Morning
Time of Day
Circadian Rhythm Disruption
BMAL1
Seasonal Variation
Lower
Increased risk of infection
Jet Leg, Irregular Light Dark Cycles
Matching Animal to Environment
Apartment -
Dairy Prod. Brazil -
Helminth Resistance -
Fish for Aquaponics -
King Charles Spaniel
Gir x Holestein
Gulf coast - Cross Breeding/Gene Editing
Tilapia
Changing Environment of Laying Hens
Increased Bone Fractures & Parasitic Infections
In addition to matching animals to environment
Management practices to minimize stress and maximize stress resilience
Signs An Animal is Stressed
Increase in Herd Mortality
Increase in Clinical Disease
Decrease in BW
Decrease in Fertility
Behaviour Changes
Potential Criteria for Biomarker
Easy to obtain tissue
Sampling causes minimal discomfort
Sensitive
Specific vs Nonspecific
Systemic vs Local
Repeatable
Economical
Assay Developed
High Throughput Potential
Real Time Monitoring
