Antimicrobials Flashcards
4 Classes of Antimicrobial
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antifungals
Antiparaciticides
Top 5 Users of Antimicrobials in Livestock
China > Brazil > India > USA > Austria
Top 5 Users of Antimicrobials in Aqua Culture
China > India > Indonesia > Vietnam
Amount of antibiotic excreted in urine and feces
30-90%
Driving Forces behind Antimicrobial Usage
Livestock Productivity
Product Quality
Product Uniformity
Animal Welfare
Risk of Zoonosis
Zoonosis
Infections disease transmitted from animal to human, many zoonotic diseases use livestock as an intermediate vector
2 Ways Livestock Productivity has increased with antimicrobials
promote growth and reduce production loss to disease
Mechanisms of Action AGPs
- Interaction with Gut Microbiota to change microbial populations
- Reducing Microbial Competition for nutrients
- Reducing Production of microbial metabolites with growth inhibitory properties
Inflammation is body’s natural deafens against infections but some pathogens like viruses can cause to much inflammation that viruses are able to do what?
Hide from Immune System
Reasons why host inflammatory response is physiologically $$$
- Energy for growth is less
- Cytokines induce anorexia and muscle catabolism
- Damage can harm gut lining
Usage of Approved Antimicrobials
Tetracyclines > Penicilins > Macrolids > Sulfas > Aminoglycosides
1 and #2 used antibiotics
Tetracyclines, Ionophores
Usage of MIAs
Cattle > Swine > Turkey > Chicken
Poultry MIA Usage has _ and ionophore usage has _
Decreased
Increased
