Stress, arousal, anxiety and pressure Flashcards
What is the definition of arousal?
physiological and psychological activity
intensity dimension of motivation at a particular moment
not associated with positive or negative experiences
Whats the terms for being completely aroused and not aroused at all?
high arousal- frenzied
low arousal-comatose
How does Kahnemans theory of attention link to arousal?
equates attention with cognitive effort
capacity limits vary depending on enviro, task, individuals arousal
What is Weinbergs definition of anxiety?
negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body
What is Marklands definition of anxiety?
unpleasant psychological state in reaction to perceived stress concerning the performance of a task under pressure
Does anxiety aways lead to a bad performance?
anxiety is seen as negative but does not always impact performance negatively
What are the 2 types of anxiety we have?
trait anxiety (born with)- athletes deposition to interpreting a situation as threatening and responding wit an increase in state anxiety
state anxiety- changes in feelings of nervousness worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body
What are the 3 types of state anxiety we have?
cognitive state- moment to moment changes in feelings of worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body
somatic- changes in perceived physiological arousal
perceived control state (confidence)- degree of which one has the resources and ability to meet challenges
What is stress defined as?
substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and their response capability, when failure to meet demands, have important consequences
What is the four stage stress model described by McGrath 1970?
stage 1- enviro demand (phys, psycho, demand placed on athlete)
stage 2- indiv perception of the enviro demand (amount of phys, psych threat perceived, trait anx, high level of trait anx perceive high level of threat)
stage 3- stress response (arousal, state anx, muscle tension, attention changes)
stage 4- behav consequences (performance outcome)
What is Baumeisters definition of pressure?
any factor or combination of factors that increase importance of performing well
pressure could increase stress when they cant meet the demand
According to Wilson, what could pressure affect?
physiological- systematic stress influencing endocrine, cardiovascular and muscular systems
mainly affect cognitive functioning which means pressure leads to anxiety
What are the 2 sources of stress and anxiety?
situational source- event importance, uncertainty
personal source- trait anxiety, confidence, self esteem
How can we measure arousal (physiological, somatic)?
respiration
muscle tension
HR
How can we measure anxiety (psychological)?
questionnaires
What are the 2 types of questionnaires for measuring anxiety?
trait anxiety- sport anxiety scale 2 (SAS) smith (somatic, worry, concentration disruption)
state anxiety- competitive stress anxiety inventory 2, martens, done twice (cognitive state anx, somatic, self confidence)
If someone had high trait anxiety what would they score in state anxiety questionnaire?
high state anxiety in a competitive situation
however this is not always a negative thing
Describe the drive theory created by Spence explaining arousal and performance?
positive linear relationship
as arousal increases, so does performance
this states in order to have the best performance, your arousal needs to be high
no mention of anxiety
Describe the inverted u theory by Landers?
criticised drive theory
optimum zone rather than positive linear
no mention of anxiety
Describe the catastrophe theory by Hardy?
takes into account anxiety
if you have low cognitive anxiety-
performance and arousal will follow inverted u
high cognitive anxiety- as arousal increases, so does performance, up to certain point, arousal too high, not a curve but sudden drop
Describe the multidimensional anxiety theory by Martens?
catastrophe only looks at cog anxiety need to look at all 3 cog- negative linear somatic- inverted u confidence- positive linear