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SP1600- Introduction to psychology of sport and exercise > Stress, arousal, anxiety and pressure > Flashcards

Stress, arousal, anxiety and pressure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of arousal?

A

physiological and psychological activity
intensity dimension of motivation at a particular moment
not associated with positive or negative experiences

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2
Q

Whats the terms for being completely aroused and not aroused at all?

A

high arousal- frenzied

low arousal-comatose

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3
Q

How does Kahnemans theory of attention link to arousal?

A

equates attention with cognitive effort

capacity limits vary depending on enviro, task, individuals arousal

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4
Q

What is Weinbergs definition of anxiety?

A

negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body

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5
Q

What is Marklands definition of anxiety?

A

unpleasant psychological state in reaction to perceived stress concerning the performance of a task under pressure

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6
Q

Does anxiety aways lead to a bad performance?

A

anxiety is seen as negative but does not always impact performance negatively

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of anxiety we have?

A

trait anxiety (born with)- athletes deposition to interpreting a situation as threatening and responding wit an increase in state anxiety

state anxiety- changes in feelings of nervousness worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of state anxiety we have?

A

cognitive state- moment to moment changes in feelings of worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body

somatic- changes in perceived physiological arousal

perceived control state (confidence)- degree of which one has the resources and ability to meet challenges

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9
Q

What is stress defined as?

A

substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and their response capability, when failure to meet demands, have important consequences

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10
Q

What is the four stage stress model described by McGrath 1970?

A

stage 1- enviro demand (phys, psycho, demand placed on athlete)

stage 2- indiv perception of the enviro demand (amount of phys, psych threat perceived, trait anx, high level of trait anx perceive high level of threat)

stage 3- stress response (arousal, state anx, muscle tension, attention changes)

stage 4- behav consequences (performance outcome)

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11
Q

What is Baumeisters definition of pressure?

A

any factor or combination of factors that increase importance of performing well

pressure could increase stress when they cant meet the demand

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12
Q

According to Wilson, what could pressure affect?

A

physiological- systematic stress influencing endocrine, cardiovascular and muscular systems

mainly affect cognitive functioning which means pressure leads to anxiety

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13
Q

What are the 2 sources of stress and anxiety?

A

situational source- event importance, uncertainty

personal source- trait anxiety, confidence, self esteem

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14
Q

How can we measure arousal (physiological, somatic)?

A

respiration
muscle tension
HR

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15
Q

How can we measure anxiety (psychological)?

A

questionnaires

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of questionnaires for measuring anxiety?

A

trait anxiety- sport anxiety scale 2 (SAS) smith (somatic, worry, concentration disruption)

state anxiety- competitive stress anxiety inventory 2, martens, done twice (cognitive state anx, somatic, self confidence)

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17
Q

If someone had high trait anxiety what would they score in state anxiety questionnaire?

A

high state anxiety in a competitive situation

however this is not always a negative thing

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18
Q

Describe the drive theory created by Spence explaining arousal and performance?

A

positive linear relationship
as arousal increases, so does performance
this states in order to have the best performance, your arousal needs to be high
no mention of anxiety

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19
Q

Describe the inverted u theory by Landers?

A

criticised drive theory
optimum zone rather than positive linear
no mention of anxiety

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20
Q

Describe the catastrophe theory by Hardy?

A

takes into account anxiety
if you have low cognitive anxiety-
performance and arousal will follow inverted u

high cognitive anxiety- as arousal increases, so does performance, up to certain point, arousal too high, not a curve but sudden drop

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21
Q

Describe the multidimensional anxiety theory by Martens?

A 
catastrophe only looks at cog anxiety 
need to look at all 3
cog- negative linear
somatic- inverted u 
confidence- positive linear
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22
Q

According to the multi dimensional model, what levels should the different types of anxiety be for the best performance?

A

cog- low level
moderate somatic anxiety
high level of confidence

23
Q

How does Hanin criticise the multi dimensional model?

A

individualised zones of optimum functioning
each indiv has different levels of optimum arousal
some perform best at high levels of anxiety and some at low

24
Q

What does the reversal theory state about arousal?

A

the way arousal affects our performance depends on our perception of it

hedonic tone- perception of arousal

negative perception+ low arousal- boredom
good perception+ low arousal- relaxed
negative perception+ low arousal- anxiety (impact performance)
good perception+ high arousal- excitement

25
Q

What are the 2 directions for anxiety?

A

facilitative

debilitative

26
Q

How were the questionnaires for measuring anxiety criticised?

A

no directional element in the questionnaire
every point, eg feeling nervous was viewed as negative
some may see being nervous as good

27
Q

What was the directional element?

A

A component added to each question in the questionnaire to see if people viewed this as a positive or negative thing

28
Q

Using the directional element in the questionnaire, would would elite and novices score?

A

anxiety levels would be scored similar however,
elite- seen anxiety components as positive thing
novice- seen anxiety as negative therefore impacted on performance, dont feel they can meet demands

29
Q

Describe Jones model of facilitative and debilitative anxiety?

A

linked to 4 stage stress model
stressor
control- do we think we meet the demand for it (perception)
yes- ability to cope and attain goals- facilitative anxiety

no-cant cope and attain goals- debilitative anxiety

30
Q

How is choking under pressure different to catastrophe?

A

catastrophe theory looks at the emotional side whereas choking under pressure is specific to the skill, pressure to perform

31
Q

How does Baumeister define choking under pressure?

A

occurrence of an impairment in performance under pressure despite possessing skills, motivation and ability to perform optimally is choking

pressure occurs when one factor or factors increase importance of performing well

32
Q

How does Hill define choking under pressure?

A

process whereby the indiv perceives that their resources are insufficient to meet the demands of the situation and concludes with a significant drop in performance

33
Q

How was Hills definition of choking under pressure criticised?

A

did not include anything about anxiety

34
Q

How does Mesagno include anxiety in his definition of choking under pressure?

A

critical deterioration in skill execution leading to substandard performance that is caused by an elevation in anxiety levels under perceived pressure at a time when successful outcome is normally attainable by an athlete

35
Q

What is the most up to date definition of choking under pressure?

A

an acute and considerable decrease in skill execution and performance when self executed standards are normally achievable, which is the result in increased anxiety under perceived pressure

36
Q

What are the 3 central elements you need to have to be classed as choking under pressure?

A

athlete has skills and ability to perform the task
situation, personal incentives to perform optimally
significantly poor performance under pressure

37
Q

What are the 3 theories for choking?

A

distraction theory
self presentation theory
self focus theory

38
Q

What model do the theories for choking link to?

A

Nideffers attentional focus model

39
Q

How does the distraction theory link into attentional focus model?

A

falls under external category

external levels of attention lead to distraction

40
Q

What is the distraction theory?

A

pressure and anxiety impairs inhibition to function
inhibition function is used to resist interference from task irrelevant stimuli

when under pressure and with anxiety we become distracted by task irrelevant info like the crowd

41
Q

How does the self presentation theory link to the attentional focus model?

A

falls in the assess (ex, broad)

worried about crowd judging

42
Q

What is the self presentation theory?

A

people attempt o monitor and control how they are perceived by others
use attentional resources worrying about others
athletic identity is the degree to which indiv identify the role of an athlete
this is important in determining athletes self presentation concerns because competitions create worries about making a good impression

linked to intermediate and expert

43
Q

What questionnaire was created to measure levels of self presentation as a reason for choking?

A

brief fear of negative evaluation

44
Q

What would someone score in the brief fear of evaluation questionnaire if they have high state anxiety?

A

score high as they would be worried about what people think

45
Q

What would you see in the performance with a crowd for those who score low in self presentation questionnaire?

A

not affected by the crowd
see it as a positive thing
therefore performance is improved in a crowd

46
Q

Where does the self focus theory fall in the attentional focus model?

A

rehearse- int, narrow

focus on the skill and movement

47
Q

What is the self focus theory for choking?

A

under pressure, a person realises consciously that it is important to execute the behaviour correctly

consciousness attempts to ensure correctness of the execution by monitoring the process of performance

consciousness does not contain the knowledge of these skills, reduces success

pressure causes narrowing and internalising of attention, resulting in drop in performance

48
Q

What stage of learning does the self focus theory focus on?

A

autonomous
usually perform skill automatically, no thought
pressure causes them to think how to do the skill, which usually they should not do
this drops performance

49
Q

What is the reinvestment theory?

A

tendency to introduce conscious control of a movement by isolating and focusing on specific components of it

paralysis by analysis

50
Q

What are the 2 questionnaire used for reinvestment looking at self focus theory?

A

movement reinvestment scale

decision specific reinvestment scale

51
Q

What would the scores look like in the reinvestment scale when performing in low then high pressure?

A

low pressure- high and low reinvesters the same

high pressure- high reinvesters drop in performance as they are thinking about movement

52
Q

According to the self presentation theory, what may lead to an athletes having a negative fear of evaluation and ultimately choking under pressure?

A

reduced athletic identity

53
Q

Which of the following is not automatically associated with positive or negative experiences?

A

arousal

SP1600- Introduction to psychology of sport and exercise (7 decks)

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