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SP1600- Introduction to psychology of sport and exercise > Memory And Attention > Flashcards

Memory And Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory and who defined it?

A

memory is the capacity that permits organisms to benefit from past experiences
Endel Tulving 1985

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

memory process involving the transformation of information to be remembered in to a form that can be stored in memory

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

process of placing information into long term memory

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4
Q

What is rehersal?

A

process that enables individuals to transfer information from working memory to long term memory

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5
Q

What is retrieval?

A

memory process involving the search through long term memory for information needed to perform a task at hand

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6
Q

Who and when was the modal model created?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

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7
Q

Describe the modal model?

A

sensory memory- last less than 1sec, literal sensory info with unlimited capacity
short term- lasts 1-60 sec, more abstract, stores 5-9 items
long term- very abstract and unlimited

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8
Q

Who criticised the modal model?

A

Baddely criticised this model and created a multicomponent model with more detail on short term memory/ working memory

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9
Q

Who created the multicomponent model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch 1974

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10
Q

What does the working memory involve?

A

central executive

phonological loop
episodic buffer
visio spatial sketchpad

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11
Q

What is long term memory?

A

component system in the structure of memory that serves as a relatively permanent storage repository for information

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12
Q

What does long term memory split into?

A

declarative / explicit

non declarative / implicit

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13
Q

What is declarative memory and what does it split into, who made it?

A

declarative- facts events experiences

episodic- events
semantic- facts
made by tulving 1985

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14
Q

What is non declarative memory and what does it split into, who made it?

A

Tulving, 1985
non declarative

procedural-skill learning, priming, conditioning
storing and retrieving information about motor skills
know how to do something

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15
Q

What did Baddelely discuss about in the multicomponent model?

A

how long term and working memory link

collapsed short term and sensory memory together

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16
Q

Describe the central executive component of the working memory in the multicomponent model?

A

central executive- drives the whole system and allocates data to the other subsystems coordinating it with long term memory

deals with cognitive tasks and mental arithmetic and problem solving

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17
Q

Describe the phonological loop a s a subsystem from the central executive?

A

responsible from short term storage of verbal information

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18
Q

Describe the visio spatial sketch pad as a subsystem of the central executive?

A

visually detected spatial information is stored for short periods of time

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19
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

developed later
integrates the other systems to form units of visual, spatial and verbal information with time so that things occur in a continuing sequence

it provides a link between other subsystems and long term memory

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20
Q

Why is there subsystems in the working memory?

A

its shown we are able to concentrate and engage with different things at once

eg-we are able to watch a lecture and listen at the same time

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21
Q

What is the working memory?

A

mechanism of retaining a small amount of information in an active state for the use of ongoing tasks

operates to temporarily store and use recently presented information

serves as temporary interactive workplace to integrate recently presented information with information retrieved from long term memory

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the working memory?

A

problem solving
decision making
prepare for upcoming activities

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23
Q

What is the storage for the working memory?

A

20-30 seconds

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24
Q

What study was conducted to figure out the duration of the working memory and who conducted the study?

A

Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson 1959

ppts given consonants in triplets
to prevent rehearsal they were given a distracting task
people were tested at various times for recall
after 12 seconds, most memory decayed

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25
Q

What is the capacity of working memory and who created it?

A

7 +- 2 items
George Miller 1956
magic number 7
chunking information makes us remember more (chunking 5-9 items)

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26
Q

Why do we feel overwhelmed sometimes?

A

Cowan, 2005

we feel overwhelmed by new info because of limitations of the working memory

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27
Q

How do we overcome feeling overwhelmed by new information?

A

give attention to it

28
Q

What is attention?

A

focalisation and limitation of information processing resources
characteristics associated with consciousness, awareness and cognitive effort

29
Q

What do the 3 characteristics of attention mean?

A

consciousness- what we are thining about
awareness- what we are aware of when performing activities
cognitive effort- how much mental effort do we require to perform the activity or how demanding is the task

the more demanding, the more attention it needs

30
Q

What is attentional focus?

A

directing of attention to specific characteristics in a performance enviro or action prep activities

31
Q

Who created the attentional focus model and what are the 2 continuums?

A

Nideffers 1993

external (enviro) and internal (indiv)
broad (more info) and narrow (attention to one thing)

32
Q

Describe the attentional focus model?

A

assess- ext, broad, assess enviro
analyse- int, broad, tactics, strategy
perform- ext, narrow, aim fro one target
rehearse- int, narrow, routine, imagine scoring goal

33
Q

What is reaction time and who made the definition?

A

time between the onset of a stimulus or stimuli and the initiation of a movement

Magil and Anderson, 2010

34
Q

Describe Welfords early filter theories of attention 1952?

A

encoding and filtering occurs at the same time
all processes require attention
any stimulus requires attention
we cant give attention to multiple stimuli
only one stimulus response operation at a time

35
Q

Describe Broadbents early theory of filtered attention 1958?

A

attention is required later
we can encode multiple stimuli, encode background info but only pay attention to one
parallel processing up to filter
filter is perceptual analysis

36
Q

Describe Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) and Normans (1968)early theories of attention?

A

perceptual analysis is automatic
filter is later on based on semantic characteristics
cocktail party effect

37
Q

What do the early theories of attention collectively say?

A

we can only give response to one thing at a time

38
Q

What evidence is provided for the early filter theories that states we can only provide response to one thing at a time?

A

when doing a task then beginning a second one, the refractory period should equal to stimulus onset asynchrony however it does not
if we start a second task a 1sec later then we should finish 1sec later but it takes a little longer

39
Q

How can we shorten the refractory period/ what are the factors that affect the length of a refractory period?

A

we can always improve the refractory period but it will always be longer than stimulus onset asynchrony

practise- increase in practise reduces RP
task one complexity- the more simple the shorter the RP
stimulus response compatibility

40
Q

Who created the multiple resource theory and what does it state?

A

Wickens (1992)
resources for processing info are available from 3 different sources
each resource is limited to how much info it can process simultaneously
when info is encoded, it goes into resources
if encoded info goes to same resource, they both have to compete as there is limited capacity
we cant response to those things at once

41
Q

According to multiple resource theory, what happens if there is information encoded that go into the same resource?

A

when two tasks must be performed simultaneously and share common resource, they will be performed less well than 2 tasks competing for a different resource

42
Q

What are the 3 resources in the multiple resource theory?

A

input and output modalities- vision, limbs, speech
stages of info processing- perception, memory, encoding, response output
codes of processing info- verbal and spatial codes

43
Q

What is Hicks law on theories of attention and when was it made?

A

1952

the time it takes to make a decision increases with the number and complexity of choices

44
Q

What is Kahnemans theory of attention and when was it made?

A

1973
he equates attention with cognitive effort
proposed flexible capacity limits vary with enviro, task being performed and individual conditions

45
Q

What is Kahnemans central capacity theory?

A

1973
states we compete for one resource instead of 3
the resource is the central attention capacity

46
Q

Who came up with the dual task technique?

A

Magil and Anderson 2010

47
Q

What are the 2 types of dual task?

A

continuous secondary task technique

probe reaction time task

48
Q

How do we assess attention demands of activities using dual task?

A

secondary task technique-looking at how primary task is affected when a secondary task is added
eg- novice and experts dribbling- then given task to count down in 7 from 97

probe reaction time-
how conditions of primary task affect the secondary task
eg- free throw and react to beep
increase attention to free throw in game which has slower reaction time for beep

49
Q

Why do we forget in working memory?

A

trace decay

forgetting occurs in the passing of time

50
Q

Do we forget in long term memory?

A

LTM- unlimited capacity and duration
therefore time does not impact forgetting
forgetting here involves misplacing info or interference from another activity rather than decay
forgetting refers to retrieval problem rather tan info no longer in memory

51
Q

What are the 2 types of causes for forgetting/ interference?

A

proactive

retroactive

52
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

old info hinders the recall of new info
the more similar the old and new info is, the worse the interference
practise is a way of overcoming this interference

53
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

new info hinders the recall of old info

54
Q

What skills are more resistant to long term forgetting through retroactive interference?

A

continuous motor skills are less likely than discrete motor skills

size of verbal component
amount of practise

55
Q

What can we use to assess remembering and forgetting?

A

explicit memory tests

testing what a person consciously can remember

56
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memory tests?

A

recognition tests- selecting correct response from several alternative ones, MCQ

recall tests- requires a person to produce a required response with a few if any cues

57
Q

What are the 4 ways to enhance memory performance?

A

increasing a movements meaningfulness
the intention to remember
subjective organisation
the encoding specificity principle

58
Q

How can increasing movements meaningfulness enhance memory?

A

new coordination pattern of movements will be more abstract than concrete (meaningful)
movements that are concrete or meaningful will be remembered better

59
Q

What study supported the idea that increasing a movements meaningfulness will enhance memory of it?

A

Chase and Simon 1973

asked ppts to remember chess board
those who played chess frequently had better recall because there was meaningfulness

60
Q

How do we make a movement more meaningful?

A

use visual metaphoric imagery- develop a picture in the mind of what the movement is like through a similar metaphor

attach a meaningful verbal label to he movement
eg- release cricket ball at 12 o clock

61
Q

How does intending to remember increase memory?

A

intentional memory situations- conscious awareness that a recall or recognition test will occur, this is better at remembering
incidental memory situations- unexpected test of memory
intention to remember leads to better remembering than no intention
performance in an incidental situation is better than if no experience occurred

62
Q

How does subjective organisation increase memory?

A

when learning large amounts of information then grouping or organising the information in to units helps

chunking

63
Q

How does the encoding specificity principle improve memory?

A

there is a close relationship between encoding and retrieval memory processes

memory test performance is directly related to the amount of similarity between practise and the context

if training is similar to the match then there will be better performance

64
Q

Which theory suggests that specific resources are available to process different sources of information?

A

multiple resource theory

65
Q

Research evidence has been provided for the filter theories of attention by demonstrating that response to a second stimulus is delayed because the first stimulus is still being processes, what is the term?

A

psychological refractory period

SP1600- Introduction to psychology of sport and exercise (7 decks)

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