Psychology of Groups and Leadership

Question 1

What is the definition of a group?

Answer 1

2 or more people who interact with and exert mutual influence on each other

Question 2

What do individuals share in a group?

Answer 2

shared purpose or objective 
interpersonal attraction ( no hierarchy)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a team?

Answer 3

weeness- collective identity 
distinctive roles 
hierarchy 
social rules that guide members
task interdependence ( end outcome is dependent on other members

Question 4

According to the conceptual framework, what does Steiner say about group effectiveness?

Answer 4

actual productivity= potential productivity+ group process losses (motivation, coordination

Question 5

According to the conceptual framework of group effectiveness, why would one team be better?

Answer 5

may have more potential productivity but the same losses
may have the same potential but different group faulty losses
may have more potential and fewer losses

Question 6

What is the Ringelmann effect?

Answer 6

the more people there are in a group, the less individual effort an individual will put in to the group

Question 7

What does social loafing say as an explanation for the ringlemann effect?

Answer 7

individual in a group or a team put less than 100% effort because of losses in motivation

Question 8

How is social loafing increased? (bad)

Answer 8

individuals not independently evaluated- just the whole team
task is low in meaning fullness
indiv personal involvement in task is low
cant compare to other individuals- feel as if working the same level, but actually not
group are strangers
some members seen as higher than others
indiv don’t feel like they impact the outcome
opponents seen as weaker

Question 9

How can social loafing be decreased? (good to use)

Answer 9

emphasise importance of individual pride
increases identifiability of indiv
see what situations loafing may occur
have meeting to discuss loafing- who is not putting in effort
assign players to other positions- responsibility
divide team to smaller units (ringlemann effect)

Question 10

What are the 3 theories that suggest how a group becomes a team?

Answer 10

cyclical perspective- group born, becomes team, dies
pendular perspective- no cycle, enviro interact with group to make it a team
linear perspective- steps group goes through to become a team

Question 11

What are the 5 stages of linear perspective theory of how a group becomes a team?

Answer 11

forming 
storming
norming 
performing 
adjourning

Question 12

What is included in the forming stage of linear perspective?

Answer 12

eagerness
familiarisation
comparing strengths and weaknesses
anxiety- do i belong

Question 13

What is included in the storming stage of linear perspective?

Answer 13

resistance to the leader or the group
high emotions 
establishing roles
clashing- not getting on
communication is key

Question 14

What is included in the norming stage of linear perspective?

Answer 14

conflicts resolved
solidarity- common goal
confidence
economy of effort- working as a team

Question 15

What is the performing stage of linear perspective?

Answer 15

togetherness
motivation 
problem solving 
roles defined 
test new ideas 
peak

Question 16

What is the adjourning stage of linear perspective?

Answer 16

transitioning/ mourning
disbanding (break up)
team and indiv efforts recognised

Question 17

What is team cohesion?

Answer 17

dynamic process reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and or satisfaction of member affective needs

Question 18

What is the relationship between cohesion and performance?

Answer 18

increased team cohesion leads to better performance
better performance leads to better team cohesion
not always the case

Question 19

What are the 3 cohesive teams?

Answer 19

coacting teams- don’t need much task cohesion as its individual sport
mixed coaching interacting- American football, moderate degree of task cohesion, work in a team
interacting teams=- high degree of task cohesion

Question 20

What are the 2 types of task cohesion?

Answer 20

task- degree to which members of a group work together to achieve common goals- winning championship

social- degree to which members of a group like each other and enjoy ones company

Question 21

What are the reflections on cohesion research?

Answer 21

task and social split into indiv attraction to the group (does it meet the personal needs of indiv)

group integration- how indiv perceives how well the group is doing

Question 22

What are the characteristics of cohesion?

Answer 22

multidimensional- numerous factors cause a group to stick together
dynamic- changes overtime
instrumental- group stick together for common purposes |(relates to task cohesion
affective emotional- group members stick together because they enjoy each others company (social cohesion)

Question 23

What is included in Hackmans 3 dimensional model of group performance?

Answer 23

task performance- degree to which the group output meets the standards of quantity, quality and timing (task cohesion)
system validity- degree to which the members could work together independently in the future (social cohesion, work together after championship)
professional growth- degree to which the members personal wellbeing develop

Question 24

According to Carrons multidimensional conceptual model of cohesion, what are the 4 factors that affect development of cohesion?

Answer 24

enviro- what binds players together, age, location, club membership
leadership- behaviour and leadership style, want them to be supportive and democratic
personal- trait personalities, satisfaction, indiv differences
team factors- group as a whole

Question 25

How do the 4 factors impact cohesion from Carrons model?

Answer 25

team factors- group task, desire for group success, group productivity, stability, ability
impacts group outcomes- performance effectiveness
indiv outcomes performance effectiveness, satisfaction

Question 26

What were the 2 tools used to measure cohesion that had criticisms?

Answer 26

sport cohesiveness questionnaire- 7 items, ratings of closeness to the group

multidimensional sport cohesion instrument- 22 items included task and social cohesion, attraction to group, unity of purpose, quality of team work

Question 27

What were the criticisms of the sport cohesiveness questionnaire?

Answer 27

nothing included about task cohesion only focussed on social
no reliability or validity

Question 28

What were the criticisms of the multidimensional sport cohesion instrument?

Answer 28

research not based on a theory
hard to see where social and task cohesion fits into the categories
issues with validity and reliability

Question 29

What was an approved way of measuring cohesion?

Answer 29

group enviro questionnaire
based on conceptual model
distinguishes between indiv and group
between task and social cohesion 
based on theory 
guarantee of validity and reliability

Question 30

What were the 4 categories of the group enviro questionnaire and provide examples?

Answer 30

attraction to the group- task, i like this teams style of play
attraction to the group- social, some of my best friends are in this team
group integration- task, we all take responsibility for any losses
group integration- social,- our team would like to spend time together in the off season

Question 31

What do the scores mean for each category in the group enviro questionnaire?

Answer 31

the higher the score, the more strongly you feel about particular aspect of group cohesion
coach could compare scores for each team member

Question 32

According to the group enviro questionnaire, what is cohesion related to?

Answer 32

team performance
increased adherence 
group size
member satisfaction
communication- increased means increase in cohesion

Question 33

Explain how sociograms are used to measure cohesion?

Answer 33

shows how particular indiv relate to each other
cliques
isolated indiv
friendships

eg name 3 people you would go on a trip with?

Question 34

What are the 6 things that are important to create an effective team climate to increase team cohesion?

Answer 34

social support- enhance indiv wellbeing
proximity- more likely to bond when they are near, live near each other
distinctiveness- group feels distinct, unique, kit colours
fairness- feel like they are being treated fairly
similarity- any people that have similar attitudes, goals, brings closer together
task interdependence- all group members benefit or suffer from groups performance

Question 35

What strategies can be implemented to improve the 6 factors needed for increased team cohesion in EXERCISE setting?

Answer 35

distinctiveness- kit, group name
indiv positions- positions in room for beginners, experts
group norms- members introduce them selves, state goals
indiv sacrifices- ask regulars to help new people
interaction and communication- partner work, group activities

Question 36

What strategies can be implemented to improve cohesiveness in a SPORT setting?

Answer 36

distinctiveness- matching uniforms
indiv roles- anonymously write why you want a certain player in your team, helps understand importance of the players role in a team
group norms- team members work in small group, discuss acceptable and non acceptable behaviours
indiv sacrifices- older players to make efforts to mentor a younger
interaction and communication- problem solving, blindfolded activities

Question 37

How can team effectiveness be improved?

Answer 37

making sure team players understand (role clarify) and accept their roles (role acceptance)

Question 38

What are the 2 types of role conflict?

Answer 38

one person taking on too many roles and cannot cope

two people fighting for the same role creating disruption

Question 39

What are the 2 types of roles?

Answer 39

formal roles- coach, position
dictated by structure of organisation
specific performance roles
indiv are trained and recruited for specific roles

informal- enforcer, comedian
evolve from interactions
positive or negative impact- too many comedians, cause disruption

Question 40

What is leadership defined as?

Answer 40

the behavioural process of influencing indivs and groups towards set goals

Question 41

What is the difference between a leader and a manager?

Answer 41

manager-
responsible for budgeting, scheduling, organising

leader-
direction of an organisation, including its goals and objectives

Question 42

What are the 3 approaches to studying leadership?

Answer 42

trait approach
behavioural approach
interactional approach

Question 43

According to the trait approach, how do we become leaders?

Answer 43

born with it 
those with certain qualities are likely to be leaders 
intelligence 
assertiveness 
independence  
self confidence

Question 44

What was a limitation of the trait approach explaining leadership?

Answer 44

little evidence, no specific traits that make a leader successful

Question 45

According to the behavioural approach, how do we becomes leaders?

Answer 45

anyone can become a leader by learning the behaviours of other effective leaders

Question 46

What questionnaire can you use to see if you are a successful leader?

Answer 46

leadership behaviour description questionnaire
successful leaders score high on consideration and initiating structure
consideration- friendship, warmth between team and leader
initiating structure- setting rules, clear goals

Question 47

According to the interactionist approach, how do we become leaders?

Answer 47

stems from matching the style to the situation

Question 48

What are the 2 examples of leadership styles that favour different situations according to the interactionist approach?

Answer 48

relationship orientated leader- develop ing and maintaining interpersonal relationships

task orientated leader- setting goals and getting the job done

Question 49

What is the multidimensional model of sports leadership?

Answer 49

situational, leadership and member characteristics
all affect required behaviour (required leader behaviour) and preferred behaviour (from members)which affects actual behaviour
the closer the behaviour is to the required and preferred, the better the performance and satisfaction from members

Question 50

What can leaders use to see what style of leadership they have?

Answer 50

Leadership scale for sports

Question 51

According to the leadership scale for sports, what are the 5 styles of leadership?

Answer 51

training style- coach focussed on improving athletes performance
democratic style- coach who allows members to get involved in decision making
autocratic style- coach makes all the decisions, authority
social support style- concerned with welfare, establishes warm relationships- primary focus
positive feedback style- consistently rewards and praises athletes

Question 52

According to Marten, what are the 4 components of effective leadership?

Answer 52

leaders qualities
situational factors
leadership styles
followers qualities

Question 53

What can group members do?

Answer 53

get to know group
help others 
give positive reinforcement 
communicate honestly 
be responsible 
resolve conflicts quickly 
put effort

Question 54

What are the 4 elements of team building exercises?

Answer 54

fundamental elements of team building- setting goals, increase unity
team enviro- organisation and planning to improve consistency and stability
coaches role- facilitate and supervise team
team building activities- social (team dinners), physical (obstacle course), psychological (learning about members)

Question 55

Carrons conceptual model of cohesion outlines 4 major factors affecting the development of cohesion in sport and exercise setting. which of the following is not these factors?

Answer 55

coach factors

Question 56

Which multidimensional factor does the following question relate to from group enviro questionnaire “our team is united in trying to reach its goals for performance”?

Answer 56

group integration- task

Question 57

A sociogram can measure what?

Answer 57

friendship choices within a group
presence or absence of cliques in group
presence or absence of isolated indivs