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21st century psychology > Stress and Coping > Flashcards

Stress and Coping Flashcards

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1
Q

What is contributing to the idea that there is a depression epidemic?

A

Confusion between normal sadness and clinical depression

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2
Q

What is the result of overdiagnosis of depression?

A

Resources are not going towards those who need it the most

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3
Q

While primary physicians are prescribing medicine to treat depression, what is not happening

A

Referral to mental health experts

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4
Q

What is the state of the evidence for the increase in prevalence of clinical depression

A

Mixed

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5
Q

In Baxter (2014), did they find evidence of an increasing prevalence of major depressive disorder?

A

No

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6
Q

In Baxter (2014), what was the increase of 36% of diagnoses in MDD attributed to?

A

Population growth

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7
Q

In Baxter (2014), what were some depressive measures actually measuring

A

Psychological distress

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8
Q

In Baxter (2014), what additional factor might lead to the idea of an epidemic of depression

A

Public awareness of the term “depression”

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9
Q

In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for an increase in mood disorders?

A

No

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10
Q

In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for a decrease in mood disorders?

A

No

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11
Q

In Jorm (2015), what reason was given for the depression rates being stable

A

Increase in public awareness cancelling out improvements in treatment

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12
Q

In Jorm (2015), what problem was identified with the literature

A

Heterogenous measures

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13
Q

In Jorm (2015) did the researchers find that treatment was not given to people who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for depression in Aus, England and US

A

No. Treatment was given to those who did not meet the diagnositc criteria for clinical depression.

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14
Q

In Jorm (2015), what were the implications for broader levles of treatment of depression?

A

Although treatment was appropriate for some who did not meet diagnotic criteria, it suggested that treatment was not going to those with the greatest need

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15
Q

In Jorm (2018), what was the effect of the introduction of the Better Access Scheme?

A

Large increase in use of mental health services but no decrease in prevalence of very high distress or suicide rate

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16
Q

In Jorm (2018), what factors explained the lack of a decrease in prevalence of very high psychological distress and suicide rate following the introduction of the Better Access Scheme

A

Insufficiant dosage of treatment
Insufficient quality of treatment
Treatment increase not addressing major determinants of problems (e.g. income inequality)
Treatments not going to those who need them the most

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17
Q

In Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), has increased provision of treatment reduced prevalence of MDD in NZ?

A

No

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18
Q

According to Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), what do normative factors such as competitive/materialistic values contributed to a lack of reduced prevalence of MDD?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Are there presecription rights for psychologists in Aus

A

No

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20
Q

What is “selling sickeness”

A

Overpresecription of antidepressants

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21
Q

What factors did Bell (2005) emphasis as contributing to the epidemic of depression

A

Multinational drug companies
Medical practitioner prescriptions
Public need for medicine

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22
Q

What are the three counter-arguments for the role of “Big Pharma” in the depression epidemic

A

SSRI prescriptions have plateuaued
Data has been manipulated
Depression epidemic is a media creation

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23
Q

Is the AMA concerned that psychologist do not meet the standards of the National Prescribing Service Competentiecs Required to Prescribe Medicice

A

Yes

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24
Q

Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independent non-medical prescriptions are safe for patients?

A

No

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25
Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independen non-medical prescriptions are cost-effective for patients?
No
26
Are psychologists concerned to prescribe medicice dude to their own lack of perceived knowledge, politics, ethics and law?
Yes
27
What is the argument that psychologists should have presecription rights
Collaborative prescription rights exists in other jusridictions
28
What is Thanatology?
The scientific study of death, dying, grief and loss
29
Can grief be experienced after non-death events or is it strictly related to death events
It can be experienced with non-death events
30
What is grief
The subjective response to loss
31
What are the three major types of grief
Disenfranchised grief Anticipatory grief Complicated grief
32
What is development/maturational grief
Grief over life transitions
33
What is disenfranchised grief?
grief that few people recognize and openly discuss
34
What is anticipatory grief?
Grief experienced in ancticipation of eventual loss
35
What is complicated grief?
Prolonged, debilitating reaction to loss with significant impairment of daily function
36
Was the bereavement exclusion criteria excluded from the DSM-5?
Yes
37
Was prolonged grief disorder included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5?
No, but persistent complex bereavement disorder was noted as a condition for future study
38
What are the four key characteristics of grief?
Pervasive Dynamic Individual Process-based
39
In what three factors might disenfranchisement affect grief
Relationship Loss Individual
40
What was the early conception of grief
A process of detaching from a person/object
41
Is the stage-based process of grief y Kubler-Ross (1969) supported by the evidence?
No
42
Does research suggest that attachment per se to the deceased is healthy or unhealthy
Healthy
43
Do 90% of people need professional help dealing with grief?
No
44
What restoriation-oriented intreventions are used in dealing with grief
CBT narrative Schema Attachment
45
Are modern intitiatives for giref loss-oriented or restoration-oriented
Restoration
46
Do children dealing with grief respond well to group therapy
Yes
47
What is reminiscence therapy
Getting a client to bring in something to reminisce about their loss
48
Do grief theories now consider cognitive, social, cultural and spiritual dimensions
Yes
49
What are the 5 trajectories of grief
``` Recovery (common grief) Resilience (stable low distress) Depression followed by improvement Chronic grief Chronic depression ```
50
What is the most common trajectory of griefq
Resilience (46%)
51
What is the dual-process model of grief (Strobe and Schut, 1999)?
Grief is an oscillation between loss-orientation and restoration-orinetation
52
Is the idea of 'letting go' of the deceased supported by the literature
No
53
What mode of grief claims that grief is an active process requiring accepting realtiy of loss, processing pain of grief, adjusting to world without the decseased, finding and enduring connection with the deceased while starting a new life
The task-based model (Wodern, 2008)
54
Does failure to finding meaning after loss lead to higher levels of complicated grief?
Yes
55
What two factors define meaning following loss
Making sense of the loss | Finding benefits in the loss
56
Do unexpected, violent or untimely deaths lead to more complicated grief?
Yes
57
Does mooted persistent grief disorder need to last for longer than 6 months to meet proposed diagnostic criteria
Yes
58
Are interventions effective for berevament in general?
No
59
Are interventions effective for those at higher risk of complicated grief
Yes
60
Is it true that the more complicated the grief, the more likely an intervention will work
Yes
61
What is disenfranchised grief
Grief that can't be openly acknolwedged, publicly mourned or socially supported
62
Do societies have normative grieving rules?
Yes
63
Are disenfranchised grievers more likely to seek help?
No
64
Can disenfranchised grief be internalised
yes
65
What does internalised disenfranchised grief lead to
Feelings of shame, guilt and inappropriateness due to the impacs of norms on sense of self and belief system
66
What common saying is shared between people who grieve loss of ex-spouses?
"No one understands why I should be grieving"
67
What do people who grieve their ex-spouses contrast this grief with
Grief at the time of the divorce?
68
Do people with intellectual disabilities often experience disenfranchised grief
Yes
69
What specific issue do older LG individuals face at end-of-life
They may go "back in the closet"
70
Can complicated grief last for years
Yes
71
Does resilient grief last for years, or a few months
Few months
72
How long does it normally take for recovery grief to resolve
A year
73
What trajectories of grief as associated with disruption to everyday function
Recovery and complicated
74
What trajectories of grief are associated with loss of long-term missing people
recovery and resilience
75
Is greater interpersonal dependency associated with the recovery or prolonged grief trajectory?
Prolonged
76
What two factors are associated with resilence grief?
Positive world view | Younger age
77
According to Mancini et al (2015), what do resilient grievers report compared to prolonged grievers
lower lonliness, attachment, anxiety and destructive detachment Greater ability to disclose to others, emotional stability, healthy dependency and ability to derive comfort from memories Lower sense of continuing bond
78
According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference in predicting resilience and recovery?
No
79
According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?
Recover has higher ability to feel comfort from memories and greater ability to disclose
80
According to Mancini et al (2015), what factors had no difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?
Emotional stability Attachment Continuing bonds
81
According to Mancini et al (2015), are prolonged grievers more likely to have a romantic view of the deceased compared to resilience grievers?
Yes
82
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 8x the level of dyadic adjustment that resilience grievers
Yes
83
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 6x the level of destructive overdependence that resilience grievers
Yes
84
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 4x the level of dysfunctional detachment that resilience grievers
Yes
85
According to Milin et al (2017), what is the only predictor of grief persistence
Baseline grief severity
86
According to Milin et al (2017), what four factors is grief severity associated with
Being female Losing a child Lower education Higher depressive symptoms
87
What may happen when older people internalise negative perceptions of themselves?
They identify with those stereotypes
88
What happens when a persons negative perception of thmselves does not align with their previous conceptions
Reduced self-esteem | Increased self-hatred and depression
89
Does the belief that older people are stubborn change the view of health professionals treating them
Yes
90
What are the goals of positive ageing
Promote successful ageing and explore concepts of ageing well
91
What is the disputed definition of succesfful ageing?
Abence of disease or diasability High cognitive and physical function compared to peers Engagement with life
92
Do most older people meet the definition of successful ageing
No
93
According to Depp & Dilip, do older people agree with the defintion of successful ageing?
No
94
Is age positively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing
Yes
95
Is depression positively or negatively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing
Negatively
96
What do older people identify as the most important factor in successful ageing
Adaptability (resilience)
97
What are the six characteristics of positive ageing
``` Cognitive reserve Mastery Self-efficacy Wisdom Spirituality Purposeful engagement/sense of purpose ```
98
What is cognitive reserve?
Maintainance of neural processes through cognitively meaningful activity
99
What is master?
Global sense of control over life and future
100
What is high mastery linked to
Reduced anxiety | Greater problem solving
101
Is high master protective of hardship
Yes
102
Is self-efficacy linked to higher quality of life, less loneliness, less distress and better cognitive function
Yes
103
What are the three domains of wisdom?
Cognitive, affective, reflective
104
What is reflective wisdom
The ability to accept the views of others and overcome subjective perspectives
105
What is affective wisdom
Ability to regulate emotions and experience fewer negative emotions
106
What is cogntiive wisdom
Expert knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving skills
107
What is resilience
Ability to maintain subjective wellbeing despite challenges
108
Does spirituality contribute to meaning
Yes
109
Does sense of purpose relate to the view that life has potential
Yes
110
According to Stiriling (2016), what positive factors increase in later life?
Well-being, emotional regulation and life satisfaction
111
Is succesful ageing meangingfull if only defined in terms of maintaining an objective level of positive health and function?
No
112
What underlying happiness processes are connected to overall happiness in later life
Perceived social support Trust Generosity Freedom to make life decisions
113
What is gerotranscendance?
A sense of being part of the whole natural environment
114
What dimensions does geotranscendance refer to?
cosmic, self, social
115
Is it a critcism of positive ageing that concepts are too difficult to operationalise
Yes
116
Is it a criticism of positive ageing that there is insufficient evidence
Yes
117
Is it a ciriticism of positive ageing that it does not address the structural problems and focuses too much on personal responsbility
Yes
118
What interventions have the strongest evidence base in positive ageing
Diet and exercise
119
What are lonliness and social isolation associated with
Cardio disease, decreased quality of life, poorer cogntive function
120
According to Gardiner (2018), what characterises more effective positive ageing interventions
Adopting community development Local Focus on productive engagement
121
According to Keyes (2007) model, what is floundering
High chronic illness and low psychological well-being
122
According to Keyes (2007) model, what is languising
Low chronic illness and low psychological well-being
123
According to Keyes (2007), what is flourisihing
Low chronic ilness and high psychological well-being
124
According to Keyes (2007), what is adapting
High chronic illness and high psychological well-being

21st century psychology (6 decks)

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