Stress and Coping Flashcards
What is contributing to the idea that there is a depression epidemic?
Confusion between normal sadness and clinical depression
What is the result of overdiagnosis of depression?
Resources are not going towards those who need it the most
While primary physicians are prescribing medicine to treat depression, what is not happening
Referral to mental health experts
What is the state of the evidence for the increase in prevalence of clinical depression
Mixed
In Baxter (2014), did they find evidence of an increasing prevalence of major depressive disorder?
No
In Baxter (2014), what was the increase of 36% of diagnoses in MDD attributed to?
Population growth
In Baxter (2014), what were some depressive measures actually measuring
Psychological distress
In Baxter (2014), what additional factor might lead to the idea of an epidemic of depression
Public awareness of the term “depression”
In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for an increase in mood disorders?
No
In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for a decrease in mood disorders?
No
In Jorm (2015), what reason was given for the depression rates being stable
Increase in public awareness cancelling out improvements in treatment
In Jorm (2015), what problem was identified with the literature
Heterogenous measures
In Jorm (2015) did the researchers find that treatment was not given to people who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for depression in Aus, England and US
No. Treatment was given to those who did not meet the diagnositc criteria for clinical depression.
In Jorm (2015), what were the implications for broader levles of treatment of depression?
Although treatment was appropriate for some who did not meet diagnotic criteria, it suggested that treatment was not going to those with the greatest need
In Jorm (2018), what was the effect of the introduction of the Better Access Scheme?
Large increase in use of mental health services but no decrease in prevalence of very high distress or suicide rate
In Jorm (2018), what factors explained the lack of a decrease in prevalence of very high psychological distress and suicide rate following the introduction of the Better Access Scheme
Insufficiant dosage of treatment
Insufficient quality of treatment
Treatment increase not addressing major determinants of problems (e.g. income inequality)
Treatments not going to those who need them the most
In Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), has increased provision of treatment reduced prevalence of MDD in NZ?
No
According to Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), what do normative factors such as competitive/materialistic values contributed to a lack of reduced prevalence of MDD?
Yes
Are there presecription rights for psychologists in Aus
No
What is “selling sickeness”
Overpresecription of antidepressants
What factors did Bell (2005) emphasis as contributing to the epidemic of depression
Multinational drug companies
Medical practitioner prescriptions
Public need for medicine
What are the three counter-arguments for the role of “Big Pharma” in the depression epidemic
SSRI prescriptions have plateuaued
Data has been manipulated
Depression epidemic is a media creation
Is the AMA concerned that psychologist do not meet the standards of the National Prescribing Service Competentiecs Required to Prescribe Medicice
Yes
Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independent non-medical prescriptions are safe for patients?
No
Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independen non-medical prescriptions are cost-effective for patients?
No
Are psychologists concerned to prescribe medicice dude to their own lack of perceived knowledge, politics, ethics and law?
Yes
What is the argument that psychologists should have presecription rights
Collaborative prescription rights exists in other jusridictions
What is Thanatology?
The scientific study of death, dying, grief and loss
Can grief be experienced after non-death events or is it strictly related to death events
It can be experienced with non-death events
What is grief
The subjective response to loss
What are the three major types of grief
Disenfranchised grief
Anticipatory grief
Complicated grief
What is development/maturational grief
Grief over life transitions
What is disenfranchised grief?
grief that few people recognize and openly discuss
What is anticipatory grief?
Grief experienced in ancticipation of eventual loss
What is complicated grief?
Prolonged, debilitating reaction to loss with significant impairment of daily function
Was the bereavement exclusion criteria excluded from the DSM-5?
Yes
Was prolonged grief disorder included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5?
No, but persistent complex bereavement disorder was noted as a condition for future study
What are the four key characteristics of grief?
Pervasive
Dynamic
Individual
Process-based
In what three factors might disenfranchisement affect grief
Relationship
Loss
Individual
What was the early conception of grief
A process of detaching from a person/object
Is the stage-based process of grief y Kubler-Ross (1969) supported by the evidence?
No
Does research suggest that attachment per se to the deceased is healthy or unhealthy
Healthy
Do 90% of people need professional help dealing with grief?
No
What restoriation-oriented intreventions are used in dealing with grief
CBT
narrative
Schema
Attachment
Are modern intitiatives for giref loss-oriented or restoration-oriented
Restoration
Do children dealing with grief respond well to group therapy
Yes
What is reminiscence therapy
Getting a client to bring in something to reminisce about their loss
Do grief theories now consider cognitive, social, cultural and spiritual dimensions
Yes
What are the 5 trajectories of grief
Recovery (common grief) Resilience (stable low distress) Depression followed by improvement Chronic grief Chronic depression
What is the most common trajectory of griefq
Resilience (46%)
What is the dual-process model of grief (Strobe and Schut, 1999)?
Grief is an oscillation between loss-orientation and restoration-orinetation
Is the idea of ‘letting go’ of the deceased supported by the literature
No
What mode of grief claims that grief is an active process requiring accepting realtiy of loss, processing pain of grief, adjusting to world without the decseased, finding and enduring connection with the deceased while starting a new life
The task-based model (Wodern, 2008)
Does failure to finding meaning after loss lead to higher levels of complicated grief?
Yes
What two factors define meaning following loss
Making sense of the loss
Finding benefits in the loss
Do unexpected, violent or untimely deaths lead to more complicated grief?
Yes
Does mooted persistent grief disorder need to last for longer than 6 months to meet proposed diagnostic criteria
Yes
Are interventions effective for berevament in general?
No
Are interventions effective for those at higher risk of complicated grief
Yes
Is it true that the more complicated the grief, the more likely an intervention will work
Yes
What is disenfranchised grief
Grief that can’t be openly acknolwedged, publicly mourned or socially supported
Do societies have normative grieving rules?
Yes
Are disenfranchised grievers more likely to seek help?
No
Can disenfranchised grief be internalised
yes
What does internalised disenfranchised grief lead to
Feelings of shame, guilt and inappropriateness due to the impacs of norms on sense of self and belief system
What common saying is shared between people who grieve loss of ex-spouses?
“No one understands why I should be grieving”
What do people who grieve their ex-spouses contrast this grief with
Grief at the time of the divorce?
Do people with intellectual disabilities often experience disenfranchised grief
Yes
What specific issue do older LG individuals face at end-of-life
They may go “back in the closet”
Can complicated grief last for years
Yes
Does resilient grief last for years, or a few months
Few months
How long does it normally take for recovery grief to resolve
A year
What trajectories of grief as associated with disruption to everyday function
Recovery and complicated
What trajectories of grief are associated with loss of long-term missing people
recovery and resilience
Is greater interpersonal dependency associated with the recovery or prolonged grief trajectory?
Prolonged
What two factors are associated with resilence grief?
Positive world view
Younger age
According to Mancini et al (2015), what do resilient grievers report compared to prolonged grievers
lower lonliness, attachment, anxiety and destructive detachment
Greater ability to disclose to others, emotional stability, healthy dependency and ability to derive comfort from memories
Lower sense of continuing bond
According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference in predicting resilience and recovery?
No
According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?
Recover has higher ability to feel comfort from memories and greater ability to disclose
According to Mancini et al (2015), what factors had no difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?
Emotional stability
Attachment
Continuing bonds
According to Mancini et al (2015), are prolonged grievers more likely to have a romantic view of the deceased compared to resilience grievers?
Yes
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 8x the level of dyadic adjustment that resilience grievers
Yes
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 6x the level of destructive overdependence that resilience grievers
Yes
According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 4x the level of dysfunctional detachment that resilience grievers
Yes
According to Milin et al (2017), what is the only predictor of grief persistence
Baseline grief severity
According to Milin et al (2017), what four factors is grief severity associated with
Being female
Losing a child
Lower education
Higher depressive symptoms
What may happen when older people internalise negative perceptions of themselves?
They identify with those stereotypes
What happens when a persons negative perception of thmselves does not align with their previous conceptions
Reduced self-esteem
Increased self-hatred and depression
Does the belief that older people are stubborn change the view of health professionals treating them
Yes
What are the goals of positive ageing
Promote successful ageing and explore concepts of ageing well
What is the disputed definition of succesfful ageing?
Abence of disease or diasability
High cognitive and physical function compared to peers
Engagement with life
Do most older people meet the definition of successful ageing
No
According to Depp & Dilip, do older people agree with the defintion of successful ageing?
No
Is age positively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing
Yes
Is depression positively or negatively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing
Negatively
What do older people identify as the most important factor in successful ageing
Adaptability (resilience)
What are the six characteristics of positive ageing
Cognitive reserve Mastery Self-efficacy Wisdom Spirituality Purposeful engagement/sense of purpose
What is cognitive reserve?
Maintainance of neural processes through cognitively meaningful activity
What is master?
Global sense of control over life and future
What is high mastery linked to
Reduced anxiety
Greater problem solving
Is high master protective of hardship
Yes
Is self-efficacy linked to higher quality of life, less loneliness, less distress and better cognitive function
Yes
What are the three domains of wisdom?
Cognitive, affective, reflective
What is reflective wisdom
The ability to accept the views of others and overcome subjective perspectives
What is affective wisdom
Ability to regulate emotions and experience fewer negative emotions
What is cogntiive wisdom
Expert knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving skills
What is resilience
Ability to maintain subjective wellbeing despite challenges
Does spirituality contribute to meaning
Yes
Does sense of purpose relate to the view that life has potential
Yes
According to Stiriling (2016), what positive factors increase in later life?
Well-being, emotional regulation and life satisfaction
Is succesful ageing meangingfull if only defined in terms of maintaining an objective level of positive health and function?
No
What underlying happiness processes are connected to overall happiness in later life
Perceived social support
Trust
Generosity
Freedom to make life decisions
What is gerotranscendance?
A sense of being part of the whole natural environment
What dimensions does geotranscendance refer to?
cosmic, self, social
Is it a critcism of positive ageing that concepts are too difficult to operationalise
Yes
Is it a criticism of positive ageing that there is insufficient evidence
Yes
Is it a ciriticism of positive ageing that it does not address the structural problems and focuses too much on personal responsbility
Yes
What interventions have the strongest evidence base in positive ageing
Diet and exercise
What are lonliness and social isolation associated with
Cardio disease, decreased quality of life, poorer cogntive function
According to Gardiner (2018), what characterises more effective positive ageing interventions
Adopting community development
Local
Focus on productive engagement
According to Keyes (2007) model, what is floundering
High chronic illness and low psychological well-being
According to Keyes (2007) model, what is languising
Low chronic illness and low psychological well-being
According to Keyes (2007), what is flourisihing
Low chronic ilness and high psychological well-being
According to Keyes (2007), what is adapting
High chronic illness and high psychological well-being
