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21st century psychology > Stress and Coping > Flashcards

Stress and Coping Flashcards

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1
Q

What is contributing to the idea that there is a depression epidemic?

A

Confusion between normal sadness and clinical depression

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2
Q

What is the result of overdiagnosis of depression?

A

Resources are not going towards those who need it the most

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3
Q

While primary physicians are prescribing medicine to treat depression, what is not happening

A

Referral to mental health experts

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4
Q

What is the state of the evidence for the increase in prevalence of clinical depression

A

Mixed

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5
Q

In Baxter (2014), did they find evidence of an increasing prevalence of major depressive disorder?

A

No

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6
Q

In Baxter (2014), what was the increase of 36% of diagnoses in MDD attributed to?

A

Population growth

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7
Q

In Baxter (2014), what were some depressive measures actually measuring

A

Psychological distress

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8
Q

In Baxter (2014), what additional factor might lead to the idea of an epidemic of depression

A

Public awareness of the term “depression”

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9
Q

In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for an increase in mood disorders?

A

No

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10
Q

In Jorm (2015), was there evidence for a decrease in mood disorders?

A

No

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11
Q

In Jorm (2015), what reason was given for the depression rates being stable

A

Increase in public awareness cancelling out improvements in treatment

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12
Q

In Jorm (2015), what problem was identified with the literature

A

Heterogenous measures

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13
Q

In Jorm (2015) did the researchers find that treatment was not given to people who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for depression in Aus, England and US

A

No. Treatment was given to those who did not meet the diagnositc criteria for clinical depression.

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14
Q

In Jorm (2015), what were the implications for broader levles of treatment of depression?

A

Although treatment was appropriate for some who did not meet diagnotic criteria, it suggested that treatment was not going to those with the greatest need

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15
Q

In Jorm (2018), what was the effect of the introduction of the Better Access Scheme?

A

Large increase in use of mental health services but no decrease in prevalence of very high distress or suicide rate

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16
Q

In Jorm (2018), what factors explained the lack of a decrease in prevalence of very high psychological distress and suicide rate following the introduction of the Better Access Scheme

A

Insufficiant dosage of treatment
Insufficient quality of treatment
Treatment increase not addressing major determinants of problems (e.g. income inequality)
Treatments not going to those who need them the most

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17
Q

In Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), has increased provision of treatment reduced prevalence of MDD in NZ?

A

No

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18
Q

According to Mulder, Rucklidge & Wilkinson (2017), what do normative factors such as competitive/materialistic values contributed to a lack of reduced prevalence of MDD?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Are there presecription rights for psychologists in Aus

A

No

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20
Q

What is “selling sickeness”

A

Overpresecription of antidepressants

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21
Q

What factors did Bell (2005) emphasis as contributing to the epidemic of depression

A

Multinational drug companies
Medical practitioner prescriptions
Public need for medicine

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22
Q

What are the three counter-arguments for the role of “Big Pharma” in the depression epidemic

A

SSRI prescriptions have plateuaued
Data has been manipulated
Depression epidemic is a media creation

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23
Q

Is the AMA concerned that psychologist do not meet the standards of the National Prescribing Service Competentiecs Required to Prescribe Medicice

A

Yes

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24
Q

Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independent non-medical prescriptions are safe for patients?

A

No

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25
Q

Is there sufficient high-level evidence that independen non-medical prescriptions are cost-effective for patients?

A

No

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26
Q

Are psychologists concerned to prescribe medicice dude to their own lack of perceived knowledge, politics, ethics and law?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What is the argument that psychologists should have presecription rights

A

Collaborative prescription rights exists in other jusridictions

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28
Q

What is Thanatology?

A

The scientific study of death, dying, grief and loss

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29
Q

Can grief be experienced after non-death events or is it strictly related to death events

A

It can be experienced with non-death events

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30
Q

What is grief

A

The subjective response to loss

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31
Q

What are the three major types of grief

A

Disenfranchised grief
Anticipatory grief
Complicated grief

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32
Q

What is development/maturational grief

A

Grief over life transitions

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33
Q

What is disenfranchised grief?

A

grief that few people recognize and openly discuss

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34
Q

What is anticipatory grief?

A

Grief experienced in ancticipation of eventual loss

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35
Q

What is complicated grief?

A

Prolonged, debilitating reaction to loss with significant impairment of daily function

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36
Q

Was the bereavement exclusion criteria excluded from the DSM-5?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Was prolonged grief disorder included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5?

A

No, but persistent complex bereavement disorder was noted as a condition for future study

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38
Q

What are the four key characteristics of grief?

A

Pervasive
Dynamic
Individual
Process-based

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39
Q

In what three factors might disenfranchisement affect grief

A

Relationship
Loss
Individual

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40
Q

What was the early conception of grief

A

A process of detaching from a person/object

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41
Q

Is the stage-based process of grief y Kubler-Ross (1969) supported by the evidence?

A

No

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42
Q

Does research suggest that attachment per se to the deceased is healthy or unhealthy

A

Healthy

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43
Q

Do 90% of people need professional help dealing with grief?

A

No

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44
Q

What restoriation-oriented intreventions are used in dealing with grief

A

CBT
narrative
Schema
Attachment

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45
Q

Are modern intitiatives for giref loss-oriented or restoration-oriented

A

Restoration

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46
Q

Do children dealing with grief respond well to group therapy

A

Yes

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47
Q

What is reminiscence therapy

A

Getting a client to bring in something to reminisce about their loss

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48
Q

Do grief theories now consider cognitive, social, cultural and spiritual dimensions

A

Yes

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49
Q

What are the 5 trajectories of grief

A 
Recovery (common grief)
Resilience (stable low distress)
Depression followed by improvement
Chronic grief
Chronic depression
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50
Q

What is the most common trajectory of griefq

A

Resilience (46%)

51
Q

What is the dual-process model of grief (Strobe and Schut, 1999)?

A

Grief is an oscillation between loss-orientation and restoration-orinetation

52
Q

Is the idea of ‘letting go’ of the deceased supported by the literature

A

No

53
Q

What mode of grief claims that grief is an active process requiring accepting realtiy of loss, processing pain of grief, adjusting to world without the decseased, finding and enduring connection with the deceased while starting a new life

A

The task-based model (Wodern, 2008)

54
Q

Does failure to finding meaning after loss lead to higher levels of complicated grief?

A

Yes

55
Q

What two factors define meaning following loss

A

Making sense of the loss

Finding benefits in the loss

56
Q

Do unexpected, violent or untimely deaths lead to more complicated grief?

A

Yes

57
Q

Does mooted persistent grief disorder need to last for longer than 6 months to meet proposed diagnostic criteria

A

Yes

58
Q

Are interventions effective for berevament in general?

A

No

59
Q

Are interventions effective for those at higher risk of complicated grief

A

Yes

60
Q

Is it true that the more complicated the grief, the more likely an intervention will work

A

Yes

61
Q

What is disenfranchised grief

A

Grief that can’t be openly acknolwedged, publicly mourned or socially supported

62
Q

Do societies have normative grieving rules?

A

Yes

63
Q

Are disenfranchised grievers more likely to seek help?

A

No

64
Q

Can disenfranchised grief be internalised

A

yes

65
Q

What does internalised disenfranchised grief lead to

A

Feelings of shame, guilt and inappropriateness due to the impacs of norms on sense of self and belief system

66
Q

What common saying is shared between people who grieve loss of ex-spouses?

A

“No one understands why I should be grieving”

67
Q

What do people who grieve their ex-spouses contrast this grief with

A

Grief at the time of the divorce?

68
Q

Do people with intellectual disabilities often experience disenfranchised grief

A

Yes

69
Q

What specific issue do older LG individuals face at end-of-life

A

They may go “back in the closet”

70
Q

Can complicated grief last for years

A

Yes

71
Q

Does resilient grief last for years, or a few months

A

Few months

72
Q

How long does it normally take for recovery grief to resolve

A

A year

73
Q

What trajectories of grief as associated with disruption to everyday function

A

Recovery and complicated

74
Q

What trajectories of grief are associated with loss of long-term missing people

A

recovery and resilience

75
Q

Is greater interpersonal dependency associated with the recovery or prolonged grief trajectory?

A

Prolonged

76
Q

What two factors are associated with resilence grief?

A

Positive world view

Younger age

77
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), what do resilient grievers report compared to prolonged grievers

A

lower lonliness, attachment, anxiety and destructive detachment
Greater ability to disclose to others, emotional stability, healthy dependency and ability to derive comfort from memories
Lower sense of continuing bond

78
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference in predicting resilience and recovery?

A

No

79
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), is there a difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?

A

Recover has higher ability to feel comfort from memories and greater ability to disclose

80
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), what factors had no difference between recovery and prolonged grievers?

A

Emotional stability
Attachment
Continuing bonds

81
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), are prolonged grievers more likely to have a romantic view of the deceased compared to resilience grievers?

A

Yes

82
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 8x the level of dyadic adjustment that resilience grievers

A

Yes

83
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 6x the level of destructive overdependence that resilience grievers

A

Yes

84
Q

According to Mancini et al (2015), do prolonged grievers report 4x the level of dysfunctional detachment that resilience grievers

A

Yes

85
Q

According to Milin et al (2017), what is the only predictor of grief persistence

A

Baseline grief severity

86
Q

According to Milin et al (2017), what four factors is grief severity associated with

A

Being female
Losing a child
Lower education
Higher depressive symptoms

87
Q

What may happen when older people internalise negative perceptions of themselves?

A

They identify with those stereotypes

88
Q

What happens when a persons negative perception of thmselves does not align with their previous conceptions

A

Reduced self-esteem

Increased self-hatred and depression

89
Q

Does the belief that older people are stubborn change the view of health professionals treating them

A

Yes

90
Q

What are the goals of positive ageing

A

Promote successful ageing and explore concepts of ageing well

91
Q

What is the disputed definition of succesfful ageing?

A

Abence of disease or diasability
High cognitive and physical function compared to peers
Engagement with life

92
Q

Do most older people meet the definition of successful ageing

A

No

93
Q

According to Depp & Dilip, do older people agree with the defintion of successful ageing?

A

No

94
Q

Is age positively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing

A

Yes

95
Q

Is depression positively or negatively correlated with self-reports of successful ageing

A

Negatively

96
Q

What do older people identify as the most important factor in successful ageing

A

Adaptability (resilience)

97
Q

What are the six characteristics of positive ageing

A 
Cognitive reserve
Mastery
Self-efficacy
Wisdom
Spirituality
Purposeful engagement/sense of purpose
98
Q

What is cognitive reserve?

A

Maintainance of neural processes through cognitively meaningful activity

99
Q

What is master?

A

Global sense of control over life and future

100
Q

What is high mastery linked to

A

Reduced anxiety

Greater problem solving

101
Q

Is high master protective of hardship

A

Yes

102
Q

Is self-efficacy linked to higher quality of life, less loneliness, less distress and better cognitive function

A

Yes

103
Q

What are the three domains of wisdom?

A

Cognitive, affective, reflective

104
Q

What is reflective wisdom

A

The ability to accept the views of others and overcome subjective perspectives

105
Q

What is affective wisdom

A

Ability to regulate emotions and experience fewer negative emotions

106
Q

What is cogntiive wisdom

A

Expert knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving skills

107
Q

What is resilience

A

Ability to maintain subjective wellbeing despite challenges

108
Q

Does spirituality contribute to meaning

A

Yes

109
Q

Does sense of purpose relate to the view that life has potential

A

Yes

110
Q

According to Stiriling (2016), what positive factors increase in later life?

A

Well-being, emotional regulation and life satisfaction

111
Q

Is succesful ageing meangingfull if only defined in terms of maintaining an objective level of positive health and function?

A

No

112
Q

What underlying happiness processes are connected to overall happiness in later life

A

Perceived social support
Trust
Generosity
Freedom to make life decisions

113
Q

What is gerotranscendance?

A

A sense of being part of the whole natural environment

114
Q

What dimensions does geotranscendance refer to?

A

cosmic, self, social

115
Q

Is it a critcism of positive ageing that concepts are too difficult to operationalise

A

Yes

116
Q

Is it a criticism of positive ageing that there is insufficient evidence

A

Yes

117
Q

Is it a ciriticism of positive ageing that it does not address the structural problems and focuses too much on personal responsbility

A

Yes

118
Q

What interventions have the strongest evidence base in positive ageing

A

Diet and exercise

119
Q

What are lonliness and social isolation associated with

A

Cardio disease, decreased quality of life, poorer cogntive function

120
Q

According to Gardiner (2018), what characterises more effective positive ageing interventions

A

Adopting community development
Local
Focus on productive engagement

121
Q

According to Keyes (2007) model, what is floundering

A

High chronic illness and low psychological well-being

122
Q

According to Keyes (2007) model, what is languising

A

Low chronic illness and low psychological well-being

123
Q

According to Keyes (2007), what is flourisihing

A

Low chronic ilness and high psychological well-being

124
Q

According to Keyes (2007), what is adapting

A

High chronic illness and high psychological well-being

21st century psychology (6 decks)

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