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21st century psychology > Life in 21st Century > Flashcards

Life in 21st Century Flashcards

1
Q

Is terrorism the intentional use of violence in masses of people in the pursuit of a religious or political goal

A

Yes

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2
Q

Is there a single construct definition of terrorism?

A

No

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3
Q

According to Combs (2017), what are the four common features of terrorism?

A

Acts of violence
Intent to create fear
Driven by social/political motives
Targeted towards those not involved in combat

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4
Q

Does terrorist focus on acts or groups/individuals?

A

Acts

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5
Q

What is mass terror?

A

Terror by political leaders on general populations

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6
Q

What is random terror?

A

Terror by individuals or groups of civilians

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7
Q

What is focused random terror?

A

Terror by individuals or groups on members of opposition

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8
Q

What is dynastic terror?

A

Assassinations of the ruling elite

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9
Q

According to Schuurman (2018), what is the main issue in studies of terrorism

A

Overreliance on secondary sources

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10
Q

According to Schuurman (2018), is the use of primary sources increasing in the study of terror

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the conflict central to terror management theory

A

Humans experience a conflict between their desire to live and mortality salience (awareness of certain death)

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12
Q

According to terror management theory, what is a result of the conflict between desire for life and mortality salience?

A

Strengthening of cultural or other symbolic beliefs to provide meaning to life

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13
Q

According to Burke et al. (2010) meta-analysis, what is the effect size of mortality salience on wordlview/beliefs

A

r = .35

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14
Q

According to terror management theory, does mortality salience lead some people to adopt extremist views

A

Yes

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15
Q

According to Martin & Van den Bos (2014) are there methodological issues in terror management theroy

A

Yes

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16
Q

According to Vergani et al. (2019) is there support that mortality salience increases support for extremist violence in non-extremist populations

A

No

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17
Q

According to Vergani et al. (2019), does mortality salience increase convervative religiosity?

A

Yes

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18
Q

According to Vergani et al. (2019), does mortality salience increase support for policies to combat violent extremism abroad?

A

Yes

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19
Q

According to Das et al. (2009), does news of terrorism increase death-related thoughts

A

Yes

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20
Q

According to Das et al. (2009), do death-related thoughts created by news of terrorism lead to prejudiced attitudes towards outgroup members

A

Yes

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21
Q

According to Das et al. (2009), does self-esteem act as a buffer towards prejudice caused by terrorism news

A

Yes

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22
Q

According to Das et al. (2009) are people with low self-esteem more or less likely to have prejudice attitudes towards outgroup members following exposure to terrorism news and having increased death-related thoughts

A

More

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23
Q

According to Rudenstein & Calea (2015), is it typical to have mild levels of anxiety, discomfort and fear in the aftermath of a terrorist event

A

Yes

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24
Q

What are the four timeframe phases of Benedek et al (2004) of general response to terrorism

A

Immediate aftermath
1 week - several months
Several months
Months-years

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25
Q

What characterizes the immediate aftermath phase of Benedek et al.’s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism

A

Strong emotional reactions

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26
Q

What characterizes the 1 week - several months phase of Benedek et al.’s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism

A

Active efforts to adapt to the new environment

Presence of intrusive, hyperarousal, mood, and somatic symptoms

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27
Q

What characterizes the several months phase of Benedek et al.’s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism

A

Disappointment and resentment about lack of return to pre-attack status

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28
Q

What characterizes the months-years phase of Benedek et al.’s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism

A

Reconstruction

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29
Q

According to Aly & Green (2010), what are the four main themes of anxiety that emerge when talking to teenagers about terrorism

A

Being physically harmed
Political fear (about demonizing other groups)
Fear of losing civil liberties
Sense of insecurity about reduced safety

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30
Q

What proportion of teenagers have elevated anxiety about war and terrorism?

A

90%

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31
Q

Is there evidence about icnreased risk of depression following terrorist acts?

A

Yes

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32
Q

What are the risk factors of increased depression following a terrorist attack?

A

Female
Low social support
Other stressors
Comorbidity

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33
Q

Does substance-use generally increase or decrease following a terrorist act?

A

Increase

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34
Q

Following 9/11 did substance use increase or decrease in New York

A

Increase

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35
Q

According to DiMaggio et al. (2009) what are the rates of increase for cigarettes, alcohol and mixed drug use following terrorist acts

A
  1. 8 - cigarettes
  2. 3 - alcohol
  3. 3 - mixed drugs
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36
Q

What is the rate of increased prevalence of PTSD in people who are direct victims of terrorist acts?

A

30-40%

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37
Q

What are the risk factors of PTSD following terrorist acts?

A 
Previous life stress/trauma
Female
Younger age
Low socioeconomic status
Ethinic minority status
History of psychiatric ilness
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38
Q

According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the first step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?

A

Normalise heightened fear and anxiety

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39
Q

According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the second step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?

A

Screen for high-risk individuals

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40
Q

According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the third step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?

A

Referral of symptomatic individuals who meet clinical indicators to professional services

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41
Q

According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015), does heightened fear and anxiety immediately after a terrorist act require formal intervention or will it resolve on its owne

A

Resolve on its own

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42
Q

According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) when screening for high-risk individuals should you consider risk factors for PTSD, anxiety, depression and susbtance-use?

A

Yes

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43
Q

According to Bonnano et al (2006) what proportion of New Yorkers showed resilience 6 months after 9/11

A

65%

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44
Q

In people who perceive risk of terrorism to be high who have problem-focused coping styles, are there higher or lower levels of perceived control

A

Higher levels of perceived control

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45
Q

What is Hobfoll’s (1989) conservation of resources theory?

A

Stress occurs due to loss of resources

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46
Q

What are the three categories of loss of reources in conservation of resources theory

A

Actual loss
Threat of loss
Lack of expected gain

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47
Q

According to conservation of resources theory, are people resilient to resources loss in they can acquire and maintain resources to buffer their loss

A

Yes

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48
Q

Does terrorism result in material loss and deplete resources needed to cope with loss

A

Yes

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49
Q

Is exposure to terrorism associated with greater or lesser perceived loss of resources in samples of Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel (Hobfoll et al., 2006)?

50
Q

Have Hobfoll’s findinds about conservation of resources theory been replicated

51
Q

According to Hobfoll et al. (2006) is greater perceived loss of resources associated with greater PTSD and depressive symptoms?

52
Q

From a CBT persepective, what does terrorism result in?

A

Cognitive distortions

53
Q

Accoridng to Sinclair and Antonious (2012) what are three types of cognitive distortions that occur following a terrorist act?

A

Catastrophising
Helplessness
Rumination

54
Q

In a PTSD study of the boston bombin, did greater or lesser levels of rumination and catastrophising predict greater levels of PTSD

A

Greater. but only when exposed to greater levels of media coverage

55
Q

What proportion of refugess in Australia have experience at least on traumatic event

56
Q

On average, how many traumatic events have refugees in Australia experienced

57
Q

Should refugee experience be considered as one traumatic event or a history of prolonged and repeated trauma

A

History of prolonged and repeated trauma

58
Q

How much higher is the prevalence rate of PTSD in refugees than the general population?

59
Q

In Australia, do 29.5% of West Papuan and 31% of Iraqi refugees meet the clinical criteria for PTSD?

60
Q

Are rates of help-seeking high in refugees

A

No, very low.

61
Q

According to Maier (2015), does trauma to a refugee threaten their sense of identity

62
Q

According to Maier (2015), does trauma to a refugee threaten their assumptions about the trustworthiness of the world

63
Q

According to Maier (2015), how can the impact of physical injury and disability in refugess be lessened in treatment

A

Working collaboratively with a physician or physio

64
Q

According to Maier (2015), does insecure residency status lead to a lack of engagement in the health system in refugees

65
Q

According to Maier (2005) should you collaborate with trained or untrained interpretes

66
Q

What is moral injury

A

Conflict beween things done to survive and deeply held ethical beliefs

67
Q

According to Fortuna (2009), is there often a mismatch between western and other conceptualisations of a disroder?

68
Q

What is the Kleinmann explantory model of mental health

A

Asking lay people to describe the problem

69
Q

Are all problems in immigrants derived from cultural differences?

A

No. Don’t stereotype

70
Q

Is Depression a western cultural idiom of distress

71
Q

How does the DSM-V categorise cultural idioms of distress

A

As cultural syndromes

72
Q

Can holding on to cultural values be protective for refugees

73
Q

In some cultures, does mentalh health have a spiritual root

74
Q

According to Fortuna (2009), when using CBT with traumatised refugees what are the five steps to be taken

A

Psycho-education
Explore PTSD symptoms in clients own words
Explore impact of trauma on role functioning
Involve client in therapeutic goal setting
Obtain supervision

75
Q

In alternative approaches to refugee mental health are you often working with a solid evidence base

76
Q

What is acculturation

A

Exploring a cross-cultural relationship

77
Q

Does creativity in healing explore universal themes

78
Q

What three areas does the “three brain” approach take

A

Heart, gut, mind

79
Q

In creativity in healing, what two factors are emphasised the most

A

Heart and hands (doing art to create meaning)

80
Q

According to Clonan et al. (2004) does positive education help promote personality stregth?

81
Q

Would a program aimed at 14-15 year old with a 40-minute timetabled lesson on well-being skills every 2 weeks for 2 years promote or dissuaded well-being

A

Promote well-being

82
Q

Do positive education interventions decrease or increase depression

83
Q

Are happy student high achievers

A

Yes - through increased commitment and developing an overall love of knolwedge

84
Q

Does positive education make teachers lives easier or harder

85
Q

Does Penn Resiliency Program decrease or increase students ability to handle day-to-day stressors

86
Q

Does Penn Resiliency Program encourage unrealistic thinking and inflexibility about problems

A

No, the opposite

87
Q

Does the Penn Resiliency Program reduce helplessness, depression and behavioural problems

88
Q

What are the two key exercises in the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum

A

Three good things

Using signature strengths in a new way

89
Q

Does the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum improve strengths associated with learning and engagement at school

90
Q

Does the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum improve social skills

91
Q

What two schools in Australia are applying positive education

A

Geelong Grammar School and St Peter’s College

92
Q

According to Green (2011) should coaching psychology be emplyed alongside positive psychology

93
Q

What is the PERMA model

A 
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment
94
Q

Is well-being the lack of negative psychological states?

A

No, it is the presence of positive psychological states

95
Q

According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology original

A

No, but that is not important

96
Q

According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology new

A

The only new part is the broaden and build theory

97
Q

According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology effective

A

Evidence is mixed

98
Q

According to Kristjansson (2012), what have longer histories of effectiveness than positive psychology

A

CBT and mindfulness

99
Q

In what two ways can concept creep occur?

A

Vertically and horizontally

100
Q

What is vertical concept creep

A

Quantitative change to capture different degrees of phenomena

101
Q

What is horizontal concept creep

A

Qualitative change to capture different types of phenomena

102
Q

According to Haslem, have western societies become more or less tolerant of harm?

103
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with abuse?

A

Emotional abuse and neglect

104
Q

What vertical creep is associated with abuse

A

Subjective response to ambiguous behavior

105
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with bullying?

A

Cyberbulling, workplace bullying

106
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with prejudice

A

Denying the existence of racism, unconsicous antipathy

107
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with trauma

108
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with mental disorder

A

Behaviour previously understood as bad habits

109
Q

What horizontal creep is associated with addiction

A

Behavioural addictions

110
Q

What vertical creep is associated with bullying?

A

No requirement for intention, repetition or power imbalance

111
Q

What vertical creep is associated with prejudice?

A

Microaggressions

112
Q

What vertical creep is associated with trauma

A

indirect and non-catastrophic events

113
Q

What vertical creep is associated with mental disorders

A

Less severe behaviour and more normal experiences

114
Q

What vertical creep is associated with addiction

A

Soft addictions such as bad behaviour

115
Q

Is benevolant sexism a form of prejudice

116
Q

What is a subjective way of perceiving an insult from a subtle statement or behaviour which makes someone feel unwelcomed or unwanted

A

A microaggression

117
Q

What was Olweus original conception of bullying

A

Intentional, repeated behaviour in the context of a power imbalance between bully and victim and usually between children

118
Q

What was Allport’s original conception of prejudice

A

Animosity towards another group e.g. bigotry

119
Q

Does Haslam think that the expansion of concepts is often justified

120
Q

Does concept creep represent humans adapting to new context, environments and knowledge

21st century psychology (6 decks)

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