Life in 21st Century Flashcards
1
Q
Is terrorism the intentional use of violence in masses of people in the pursuit of a religious or political goal
A
Yes
2
Q
Is there a single construct definition of terrorism?
A
No
3
Q
According to Combs (2017), what are the four common features of terrorism?
A
Acts of violence
Intent to create fear
Driven by social/political motives
Targeted towards those not involved in combat
4
Q
Does terrorist focus on acts or groups/individuals?
A
Acts
5
Q
What is mass terror?
A
Terror by political leaders on general populations
6
Q
What is random terror?
A
Terror by individuals or groups of civilians
7
Q
What is focused random terror?
A
Terror by individuals or groups on members of opposition
8
Q
What is dynastic terror?
A
Assassinations of the ruling elite
9
Q
According to Schuurman (2018), what is the main issue in studies of terrorism
A
Overreliance on secondary sources
10
Q
According to Schuurman (2018), is the use of primary sources increasing in the study of terror
A
Yes
11
Q
What is the conflict central to terror management theory
A
Humans experience a conflict between their desire to live and mortality salience (awareness of certain death)
12
Q
According to terror management theory, what is a result of the conflict between desire for life and mortality salience?
A
Strengthening of cultural or other symbolic beliefs to provide meaning to life
13
Q
According to Burke et al. (2010) meta-analysis, what is the effect size of mortality salience on wordlview/beliefs
A
r = .35
14
Q
According to terror management theory, does mortality salience lead some people to adopt extremist views
A
Yes
15
Q
According to Martin & Van den Bos (2014) are there methodological issues in terror management theroy
A
Yes
16
Q
According to Vergani et al. (2019) is there support that mortality salience increases support for extremist violence in non-extremist populations
A
No
17
Q
According to Vergani et al. (2019), does mortality salience increase convervative religiosity?
A
Yes
18
Q
According to Vergani et al. (2019), does mortality salience increase support for policies to combat violent extremism abroad?
A
Yes
19
Q
According to Das et al. (2009), does news of terrorism increase death-related thoughts
A
Yes
20
Q
According to Das et al. (2009), do death-related thoughts created by news of terrorism lead to prejudiced attitudes towards outgroup members
A
Yes
21
Q
According to Das et al. (2009), does self-esteem act as a buffer towards prejudice caused by terrorism news
A
Yes
22
Q
According to Das et al. (2009) are people with low self-esteem more or less likely to have prejudice attitudes towards outgroup members following exposure to terrorism news and having increased death-related thoughts
A
More
23
Q
According to Rudenstein & Calea (2015), is it typical to have mild levels of anxiety, discomfort and fear in the aftermath of a terrorist event
A
Yes
24
Q
What are the four timeframe phases of Benedek et al (2004) of general response to terrorism
A
Immediate aftermath
1 week - several months
Several months
Months-years
25
What characterizes the immediate aftermath phase of Benedek et al.'s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism
Strong emotional reactions
26
What characterizes the 1 week - several months phase of Benedek et al.'s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism
Active efforts to adapt to the new environment
| Presence of intrusive, hyperarousal, mood, and somatic symptoms
27
What characterizes the several months phase of Benedek et al.'s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism
Disappointment and resentment about lack of return to pre-attack status
28
What characterizes the months-years phase of Benedek et al.'s (2004) theory of general response to terrorism
Reconstruction
29
According to Aly & Green (2010), what are the four main themes of anxiety that emerge when talking to teenagers about terrorism
Being physically harmed
Political fear (about demonizing other groups)
Fear of losing civil liberties
Sense of insecurity about reduced safety
30
What proportion of teenagers have elevated anxiety about war and terrorism?
90%
31
Is there evidence about icnreased risk of depression following terrorist acts?
Yes
32
What are the risk factors of increased depression following a terrorist attack?
Female
Low social support
Other stressors
Comorbidity
33
Does substance-use generally increase or decrease following a terrorist act?
Increase
34
Following 9/11 did substance use increase or decrease in New York
Increase
35
According to DiMaggio et al. (2009) what are the rates of increase for cigarettes, alcohol and mixed drug use following terrorist acts
6. 8 - cigarettes
7. 3 - alcohol
16. 3 - mixed drugs
36
What is the rate of increased prevalence of PTSD in people who are direct victims of terrorist acts?
30-40%
37
What are the risk factors of PTSD following terrorist acts?
```
Previous life stress/trauma
Female
Younger age
Low socioeconomic status
Ethinic minority status
History of psychiatric ilness
```
38
According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the first step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?
Normalise heightened fear and anxiety
39
According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the second step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?
Screen for high-risk individuals
40
According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) what is the third step in an intervention for psychopathology following a terrorist act?
Referral of symptomatic individuals who meet clinical indicators to professional services
41
According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015), does heightened fear and anxiety immediately after a terrorist act require formal intervention or will it resolve on its owne
Resolve on its own
42
According to Rudensteing and Calea (2015) when screening for high-risk individuals should you consider risk factors for PTSD, anxiety, depression and susbtance-use?
Yes
43
According to Bonnano et al (2006) what proportion of New Yorkers showed resilience 6 months after 9/11
65%
44
In people who perceive risk of terrorism to be high who have problem-focused coping styles, are there higher or lower levels of perceived control
Higher levels of perceived control
45
What is Hobfoll's (1989) conservation of resources theory?
Stress occurs due to loss of resources
46
What are the three categories of loss of reources in conservation of resources theory
Actual loss
Threat of loss
Lack of expected gain
47
According to conservation of resources theory, are people resilient to resources loss in they can acquire and maintain resources to buffer their loss
Yes
48
Does terrorism result in material loss and deplete resources needed to cope with loss
Yes
49
Is exposure to terrorism associated with greater or lesser perceived loss of resources in samples of Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel (Hobfoll et al., 2006)?
Greater
50
Have Hobfoll's findinds about conservation of resources theory been replicated
Yes
51
According to Hobfoll et al. (2006) is greater perceived loss of resources associated with greater PTSD and depressive symptoms?
Yes
52
From a CBT persepective, what does terrorism result in?
Cognitive distortions
53
Accoridng to Sinclair and Antonious (2012) what are three types of cognitive distortions that occur following a terrorist act?
Catastrophising
Helplessness
Rumination
54
In a PTSD study of the boston bombin, did greater or lesser levels of rumination and catastrophising predict greater levels of PTSD
Greater. but only when exposed to greater levels of media coverage
55
What proportion of refugess in Australia have experience at least on traumatic event
90-95%
56
On average, how many traumatic events have refugees in Australia experienced
4
57
Should refugee experience be considered as one traumatic event or a history of prolonged and repeated trauma
History of prolonged and repeated trauma
58
How much higher is the prevalence rate of PTSD in refugees than the general population?
7 times
59
In Australia, do 29.5% of West Papuan and 31% of Iraqi refugees meet the clinical criteria for PTSD?
Yes
60
Are rates of help-seeking high in refugees
No, very low.
61
According to Maier (2015), does trauma to a refugee threaten their sense of identity
Yes
62
According to Maier (2015), does trauma to a refugee threaten their assumptions about the trustworthiness of the world
Yes
63
According to Maier (2015), how can the impact of physical injury and disability in refugess be lessened in treatment
Working collaboratively with a physician or physio
64
According to Maier (2015), does insecure residency status lead to a lack of engagement in the health system in refugees
Yes
65
According to Maier (2005) should you collaborate with trained or untrained interpretes
Trained
66
What is moral injury
Conflict beween things done to survive and deeply held ethical beliefs
67
According to Fortuna (2009), is there often a mismatch between western and other conceptualisations of a disroder?
Yes
68
What is the Kleinmann explantory model of mental health
Asking lay people to describe the problem
69
Are all problems in immigrants derived from cultural differences?
No. Don't stereotype
70
Is Depression a western cultural idiom of distress
Yes
71
How does the DSM-V categorise cultural idioms of distress
As cultural syndromes
72
Can holding on to cultural values be protective for refugees
Yes
73
In some cultures, does mentalh health have a spiritual root
Yes
74
According to Fortuna (2009), when using CBT with traumatised refugees what are the five steps to be taken
Psycho-education
Explore PTSD symptoms in clients own words
Explore impact of trauma on role functioning
Involve client in therapeutic goal setting
Obtain supervision
75
In alternative approaches to refugee mental health are you often working with a solid evidence base
No
76
What is acculturation
Exploring a cross-cultural relationship
77
Does creativity in healing explore universal themes
Yes
78
What three areas does the "three brain" approach take
Heart, gut, mind
79
In creativity in healing, what two factors are emphasised the most
Heart and hands (doing art to create meaning)
80
According to Clonan et al. (2004) does positive education help promote personality stregth?
Yes
81
Would a program aimed at 14-15 year old with a 40-minute timetabled lesson on well-being skills every 2 weeks for 2 years promote or dissuaded well-being
Promote well-being
82
Do positive education interventions decrease or increase depression
Decrease
83
Are happy student high achievers
Yes - through increased commitment and developing an overall love of knolwedge
84
Does positive education make teachers lives easier or harder
Easier
85
Does Penn Resiliency Program decrease or increase students ability to handle day-to-day stressors
Increase
86
Does Penn Resiliency Program encourage unrealistic thinking and inflexibility about problems
No, the opposite
87
Does the Penn Resiliency Program reduce helplessness, depression and behavioural problems
Yes
88
What are the two key exercises in the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum
Three good things
| Using signature strengths in a new way
89
Does the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum improve strengths associated with learning and engagement at school
Yes
90
Does the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum improve social skills
Yes
91
What two schools in Australia are applying positive education
Geelong Grammar School and St Peter's College
92
According to Green (2011) should coaching psychology be emplyed alongside positive psychology
Yes
93
What is the PERMA model
```
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment
```
94
Is well-being the lack of negative psychological states?
No, it is the presence of positive psychological states
95
According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology original
No, but that is not important
96
According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology new
The only new part is the broaden and build theory
97
According to Kristjansson (2012), is positive psychology effective
Evidence is mixed
98
According to Kristjansson (2012), what have longer histories of effectiveness than positive psychology
CBT and mindfulness
99
In what two ways can concept creep occur?
Vertically and horizontally
100
What is vertical concept creep
Quantitative change to capture different degrees of phenomena
101
What is horizontal concept creep
Qualitative change to capture different types of phenomena
102
According to Haslem, have western societies become more or less tolerant of harm?
Less
103
What horizontal creep is associated with abuse?
Emotional abuse and neglect
104
What vertical creep is associated with abuse
Subjective response to ambiguous behavior
105
What horizontal creep is associated with bullying?
Cyberbulling, workplace bullying
106
What horizontal creep is associated with prejudice
Denying the existence of racism, unconsicous antipathy
107
What horizontal creep is associated with trauma
PTSD
108
What horizontal creep is associated with mental disorder
Behaviour previously understood as bad habits
109
What horizontal creep is associated with addiction
Behavioural addictions
110
What vertical creep is associated with bullying?
No requirement for intention, repetition or power imbalance
111
What vertical creep is associated with prejudice?
Microaggressions
112
What vertical creep is associated with trauma
indirect and non-catastrophic events
113
What vertical creep is associated with mental disorders
Less severe behaviour and more normal experiences
114
What vertical creep is associated with addiction
Soft addictions such as bad behaviour
115
Is benevolant sexism a form of prejudice
Yes
116
What is a subjective way of perceiving an insult from a subtle statement or behaviour which makes someone feel unwelcomed or unwanted
A microaggression
117
What was Olweus original conception of bullying
Intentional, repeated behaviour in the context of a power imbalance between bully and victim and usually between children
118
What was Allport's original conception of prejudice
Animosity towards another group e.g. bigotry
119
Does Haslam think that the expansion of concepts is often justified
Yes
120
Does concept creep represent humans adapting to new context, environments and knowledge
Yes
