Stress and Anxiety Flashcards
Define arousal?
“Arousal”= ‘a general physiological and psychological activation varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement’ (Gould, Greenleaf & Krane, 2002).
Describe the DRIVE THEORY?
The DRIVE THEORY- Hull
- Proportional linear relationship
- More psyched up- better the performance
- Increased drive (arousal) will increase likelihood of DOMINANT RESPONSE
-DR= most likely behaviour
-Artent and Landers, 2003- did a research and cyclists had to perform flat out as fast as they could and when a light came on they had to press a button- an increase in HR increases the movement time.
What are the negatives of the Drive Theory?
Negatives=
Very little support in the literature
Increasing drive (arousal) – performers resort to previously learned skills because they are dominant – but may incorrect (novices, intermediates)
Even the most skilled players “choke” in high pressure situations
Describe the INVERTED U-HYPOTHESIS?
Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
-Predicts performance effectiveness will increase as arousal increases
-Up to some optimal point
-Further increases in arousal will produce an increase in performance
-Theory suggests behaviour is aroused and directed toward balanced or optimal state.
-Performance gets better to a certain point
-General notion accepted as it’s seen a lot within Literature
What are the negatives of the Inverted U Hypothesis?
Negatives= Criticism (Gould & Udry, 1994; Hardy, 1990)
* Optimal arousal at midpoint?
* Nature of arousal itself?
Suggests that it’s formed around a mid-point, but is it actually?
Need to consider the individual and the specific task
= dated.
What did Hardy and Fazey state in critique of the Inverted U Hypothesis in 1987?
“a catastrophe for sport psychology” (Hardy and Fazey, 1987)
Define anxiety?
A negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body.
Define Trait Anxiety?
Aspect of personality – an individual with trait anxiety will experience anxiety regardless of the situation (how you usually feel)
Define State Anxiety?
State Anxiety: How you feel right now/ in a specific environment (multidimensional) -cognitive and somatic
Define cognitive anxiety ( a part of state anxiety)
Concerned with the extent to which one worries or has negative thoughts=
* Lack of self confidence
* Disrupted attentions
* Sense of worry, fear and doubt
* Worrisome expectation of failure
* Negative concerns about performance
* Impaired ability to concentrate
* = PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Define somatic anxiety ( a part of state anxiety)
Concerned with the moment-to-moment changes in one’s perception of physiological activation
* Unusual feelings of nausea
* Increased respiration rates
* Increased blood pressure
* Increased muscle tension
* Increased perspiration
Define behavioural anxiety ( the third type within state anxiety)?
BEHAVIORAL ANXIETY- how a person behaves- very little research into this type of anxiety- a way a person acts.
Define stress?
A substantial imbalance between demand (physical and or psychological and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet their demand has important consequences” (McGrath, 1970)
What usually takes place when we experience stress?
A flight or fight response
- Increased HR
- Inhibits peristalsis
- Shivering/ goosebumps
- Increased perspiration
- Glycogen to glycose/ (nor)adrenaline
What are SITUATIONAL SOURCES of stress?
Event importance: the more important the event, the more stressful it is likely to be: importance of the event to the individual.
Event Expectations: too much pressure (from parents, coaches) can add to competitive anxiety: low expectations regarding performance and can also evoke anxiety.
Winning a lot can become a large cause of anxiety.
