Goal Setting and Imagery

Question 1

Define Goal Setting?

Answer 1

(Locke and Latham, 1985)
“the aim or objective of something we are trying to obtain”

Question 2

What are the three types of goals?

Answer 2

Outcome goal, Performance goal, Process goal

Question 3

SMARTER goals?

Answer 3

Specific, Measurable, Actioned, Realistic, Time based, Evaluate, Reset

Question 4

What are the six principles of Goal Setting?

Answer 4

-Goals should be specific
-Goals should be difficult
-Goals should be a combo of long and short term
-Goals should be made public
-Goals should involve the performer in creation
-Goals should performance and process> outcome

Question 5

(Ward and Carnes, 2002) – Public Goal Setting Intervention
Conducted a Research Study into college line-backers?

Answer 5

-FINDINGS- rapid improvement in practice and competition performance
-Baseline= 70%, Post Intervention= 95%- pushes the boundaries between performance and integrity

Question 6

How do goals influence performance?
PEDD

Answer 6

Persistence
Effort Mobilisation
Direct Attention
Dev of New learning strategies

Question 7

What are the three steps to goals working?

Answer 7

1. Motivate
2. Create Plan
3. Monitor Progress

Question 8

Define adaptive and maladaptive outcome?

Answer 8

(Adaptive Outcome): engaging in training, giving best effort, continually working

(Maladaptive Outcome): focussed on demonstrating superiority- holds back effort in training

Question 9

Define imagery?

Answer 9

“ A symbolic experience that may occur in a sensory mode”
(Hardy and Jones and Gould, 1996)

(White and Hardy, 1998) “Experience that Mimics real experience”

Question 10

Imagery vs Mental Rehearsal?

Answer 10

Imagery: internally experiencing a situation that mimics real experience
- NOT VISUALISATION- implying you can only envisage an image, but you use all your senses

-Mental Rehearsal: encompasses a variety of PST techniques- SELF TALK, OBSERVATIONS

Question 11

(Wakefield and Smith, 2011)- Effects of imagery on strength performance

Answer 11

-Positive effects of imagery on performance enhancement and other psychological variables such as confidence and coping with anxiety

(Evans, Jones and Mullen, 2004)

-Learning and performing motor skills

(Feltz and Landers, 1983

Question 12

Explain functions of Imagery?

Answer 12

Motivational + Cognitive= either GENERAL or SPECIFIC

Motivational General= Mastery
Motivational General= Arousal

Cognitive General

Motivational Specific
Cognitive Specific

Question 13

Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire- (Cummings, 2014)

Answer 13

Measures the ability of a performer to imagine different contexts athletes frequently use in sport.

Given a rating from 1-7

Question 14

Define modal imagery?

Answer 14

The mode of imagery of which you use:
Visual- colour, shape, size

Kinaesthetic- touch, smell, temp, movement

Question 15

Define perspective imagery?

Answer 15

Internal Visual Imagery= your own eyes- 1st person POV

External Visual Imagery= other persons eyes- 3rd person POV

Question 16

Three Theories of Imagery?

Answer 16

Psycho- neuromuscular theory
Symbolic Learning theory
Bio-Informational theory

Question 17

Psycho- neuromuscular theory?

Answer 17

Imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity to the actual movement (Carpenter, 1984)

Supporting Evidence:
-Imagined arm movements produced small muscular contractions (Jackson, 1931)

BUT
-Unclear whether the activity is muscle specific
-Predicts that imagery should benefit ‘physical tasks’ more than ‘cognitive’ ones

Question 18

Symbolic learning theory?

Answer 18

Proposes that imagery generates and strengthens a ‘mental blueprint’ of the required action- schemas within your mind

Supporting Evidence:
Beneficial effect of mental practice are greater for cognitive than motor tasks
Imagery involves the same neural pathways as actual perception

Question 19

Bio- informational Theory (Lang, 1997)

Answer 19

-Image functionality organised set of propositions stored in the brain
-Stimulus propositions- content of the scene to be imaged
-Response propositions- verbal, motor, physiological, emotional responses
-The recall of information and the use of propositions stored within the brain