Practice Questions Flashcards
Explain the importance of roles in relation to group dynamics and team cohesion?
What are roles?
Formal vs Informal roles?
Role clarity: understanding and accepting roles within the team, may be some ambiguity?
Role acceptance: depends on opportunity to use skills- feedback and role recognition
Dawe and Carron (1990)- “higher levels of cohesiveness have been associated with increases in group performance, role clarity and role acceptance”
Explain how the six principles of goal setting can help provide success within performance?
Weinberg, 1993
SLIPPD
S- Specific- if more specific then it allows the athlete to focus more on the skills needed (0.93 effect size)
L- Long term and Short term- should have a combination of the two
I- Involve performer- needs to be cooperative to enhance SDT
P- Public- Public effect size- 0.79, Private effect size- 0.06
P- Process goals> outcome goals
D- Difficult (Kylo and Landers)- need to challenge performer- 0.53 effect size
Discuss the significance of Public vs Private goal setting?
(Ward and Canes, 2002)
Public and Private Goal setting intervention
STUDY- positioning, drops and tackles within college line backers
Before= 70%
After= 95%
Philip Ward- “Goal Setting and Performance FB”
“there is some evidence that public goals may be better than private goals, Lyman (1984) reported that public goal setting was significantly more effective within classroom behaviour”
Discuss the functions of imagery and their ability to facilitate effective imagery strategies?
(Hall, Mack and Palvio)
The five functions of imagery allow athletes to regulate anxiety, stay confident and stay focussed.
MG- arousal- imagining being relaxed and calm
MG- mastery- imagining a mastery coping effectiveness
MS- focusses on a specific goal and imagines achieving that goal
CS- imagery refers to a specific skill
CG- imagery referes to competitive stratagies
Discuss the characteristics of cohesion?
- Multidimensional- there are numerous factors that work to hold groups together
- Dynamic- changes over time
- Instrumental- created with purpose
- Affective- emotions/ feelings involved
Multidimensional= Task centred and Social centred
Task centred cohesion- the degree to which members of a team work together to achieve a common goal
Social centred cohesion- the degree to which a team are socially centred and enjoy each others company
Explain the importance of personal, environmental and leadership factors when working to enhance and develop cohesion?
(Caron, 1982)
The Conceptual Model of Cohesion
Personal Factors- individual differences
Environmental Factors- the organisational climate
Leadership Factors- coach personality/ leadership style
These all affect TEAM COHESION- task and social
Which affects group (team stability, performance effectiveness) and individual (behavioural consequences) OUTCOMES
Explain the three theories attached to imagery and the main ideas related to each principle?
Psychoneuromuscular Theory
(Carpenter, 1998)
“imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity to imagined ideas”
(Jackson, 1983)” imagined arm movements create small arm contractions”
Symbolic Learning Theory
“mental blue print- symbolic blueprint of movements”
Bio-Informational Theory
(Lang, 1997)
Set of movement propositions stored within the brain
Discuss the role of transformative leadership in sports settings?
(Robert and Coulter, 2007)
“a transformational leader is a person who stimulates and inspires followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes”
+ve- role model status
+ve- understand strengths and weaknesses of followers
+ve collective identity
-ve relies on correlational data, overemphasis of theory on leadership
(Transactional)- exchange of leadership- REWARD AND PUNISHMENT
Explain how the GEQ can help increase understandings of cohesion within sports teams?
(Caron, Brawley and Widmyer, 1985)
- A measure of cohesiveness within sports teams
- Two main parts- their own perception of their cohesion , and the perception they hold in terms of the team cohesion
- 18 questions on a scale of 1-9
- A reliable, accurate measure
“Caron’s conceptual model and GEQ has considerably advanced research on cohesion in SPEX”
What are the four main antecedents to cohesion?
- Team/ squad size- (Widmyer et al, 1990)
3v3 basketball, 144 participants
Highest at 6
ATG- Task decreased from 3,6,9 - Exercise/ class size- attention and retention is more efficient within smaller groups, large= easier to hide
- Role clarity and acceptance- set of behaviours expected of a person- FORMAL AND INFORMAL
- Team Stability- teams with a low turnover are more effective, generally more stable= greater cohesion, but TOO stable can lead to a lack of progression
(Bas Tes Weel “Does Manager Turnover Improve Performance”) (2011)
“no statistically significant improvements in performance after manager turnover, whereas previous research based on publicly traded firm data has found positive but very small effects of manager turnover on perf”
Explain the role of adaptive vs maladaptive outcomes within goal setting?
Adaptive outcomes- engaging in training, giving their best effort, continually working, functional to the individual, relative anxiety
Maladaptive outcomes- holds back effort, wants to be superior, dysfunctional, runs away from problems
“Adaptation or Maladaptation of achievement goals within physical education” (Piipari, 2016)
“task orientated individuals may display adaptive outcomes regardless of his/ her competence because they often define success in relation to effort”
“ego orientated individuals may display maladaptive outcomes and select less difficult goals to ensure success and outshine other individuals”
Explain Carons conceptual model of cohesion in depth?
Personal factors- individual differences, satisfaction
Environmental factors- contractural responsibility and organised orientation
Leadership factors- leader behaviour and style
Team factors- stability, ability, desire for success
= cohesion- task and social
=Group outcomes- performance effectiveness, team stability
=Individual outcomes- satisfaction, performance outcomes
How can we develop cohesion?
Goals- clear and shared
Roles and Responsibilities clear
Regular communication
Identity- team kit (decrease social loafing)
Avoid cliques
Develop social cohesion
What is social loafing and what are the ways in which it can happen?
A reduction in an individuals efforts when working within a team
- Minimising strategy- motivated to get by doing as little as possible
-Allocation strategy- save best efforts
-Free rider- low amounts of effort
Counteracting Social Loafing- (Caron, 1998)
-emphasise the importance of individual accomplishments
-increase accountability
-clear roles and responsibilities
-performance evaluation and record keeping
What is said to be the main problem when attempting to transpose general leadership theories to sport?
“some theorists argue that the main problem when attempting to transpose generalist leadership theories to sport is the failure to consider the UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS of sports teams”
