Stress Flashcards
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What is stress?
A (a) that the brain perceives or anticipates (psychologic) and that the body then responds to (b)
a) threat
b) through physiologic adaptations (Stress Response)
Acute stress response is (a) and (a) to survival but chronic, unrelieved stress often leads to multiple and (b)
a) normal and necessary
b) serious disease processes
General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS) 3
- Alarm stage
- Resistance/ adaptation stage
- Exhaustion stage
Alarm stage? 5
- Immediate response to stress
- Fight or flight
- Recognition of environmental change
- Triggers the HPA axis
- Activate SNS
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
A complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis
Arousal?
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception
覚醒
意識がはっきりして反応の準備ができている
Resistance/adaptation stage?
- Actions of adrenal hormones (result of HPA axis activation)
- Energy mobilization and delivery (for fight or flight)
Exhaustion stage?
If stress continues and adaptation is not successful…
- can lead to stress-related disorders
- from the exhaustion of mediators
- from chronic exposure to mediators
Allostasis?
“Stability through change”
Homeostasis doesn’t return the person to the original homeostasis baseline
But what if it overload(Allostatic overload)?Overactivation of adaptive systems and May lead to disease
- May lead to disease
If there is some distraction before cortisol produced, what happens?
- will limit or prevent the production of cortisol
- body’s ability to effectively deal with acute stress (fight/flight response)
What does cortisol do to the body?
- Increase BP
- Increase Cardiac output
- Increase lipolysis in extremities
- Promotes immunosuppression
- Decrease sex hormones
Cortisol?
- Stress hormone
- BP, CO increase
- Promotes immunosuppression
- Decrees sex hormones
Cortisol increases blood glucose levels, how?
- Under stressful conditions, cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis
- This energy can help an individual fight or flight
- However elevated cortisol over the long term consistently produces glucose, leading to increased blood sugar levels= disease
What is the goal of stress response?
The emergency reaction system of the body
Energy mobilization
cortisol release from where?
Adrenal cortex
HPA Axis pathway 4steps
- hypothalamus (CRH)
- Anterior pituitary gland (ACTH)
- adrenal glands(Cortisol)
- Kidney
Hydrocortisone medication
what signs and symptoms should you expect to see?
Raise blood glucose level
Be ready to explain this is a side effect
High blood sugar in body called?
Hyperglycemia
Normal 140 mg/dL(2hours after eat)
70 to 99 mg/dL(no food for 8 hours)
Sympathetic Nervous System stress response
What is the 2 hormones release?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
“ both directly by the stressor (VERY rapid response) ”
They produce by the adrenal medulla
Aldosterone do for what?
Main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone
Increase blood pressure
Tthis assists the affects of epinephrine and norepinephrine to supply increased
-blood flow to the brain, heart, skeletal muscles to improve survival.
Acute stress/beneficial or harmful?
Beneficial
-decreased initial inflammatory responses
Chronic stress/ beneficial or harmful?
- *Harmful**
- *long-term stress weakens the responses of your immune system!**
- induced release of cortisol
- increased risk for infection
- leads to many disease states
- immune dysregulation
- decreased natural killer and T-cell cytotoxicity
- Impaired B-cell function
- Primary tumor growth, metastasis of tumors
If stress suppresses the immune system, why is it considered bad for people with autoimmune illnesses?
This triggers the immune system to go into overdrive to make up for it, trying to fight the “infection” that isn’t even there. That is what causes the damage.
The body has a way of trying to equal out.
The immune system affects the Neuro and Endocrine systems, release what?
Cytokines
- signaling molecules
- secreted and bind to specific cell membrane
