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Pathophysiology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

E

What is stress?

A (a) that the brain perceives or anticipates (psychologic) and that the body then responds to (b)

A

a) threat
b) through physiologic adaptations (Stress Response)

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2
Q

Acute stress response is (a) and (a) to survival but chronic, unrelieved stress often leads to multiple and (b)

A

a) normal and necessary
b) serious disease processes

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3
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS) 3

A
  1. Alarm stage
  2. Resistance/ adaptation stage
  3. Exhaustion stage
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4
Q

Alarm stage? 5

A
  • Immediate response to stress
  • Fight or flight
  • Recognition of environmental change
  • Triggers the HPA axis
  • Activate SNS
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5
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

A

A complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis

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6
Q

Arousal?

A

Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception

覚醒

意識がはっきりして反応の準備ができている

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7
Q

Resistance/adaptation stage?

A
  • Actions of adrenal hormones (result of HPA axis activation)
  • Energy mobilization and delivery (for fight or flight)
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8
Q

Exhaustion stage?

A

If stress continues and adaptation is not successful…

  • can lead to stress-related disorders
  • from the exhaustion of mediators
  • from chronic exposure to mediators
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9
Q

Allostasis?

A

“Stability through change”

Homeostasis doesn’t return the person to the original homeostasis baseline

But what if it overload(Allostatic overload)?Overactivation of adaptive systems and May lead to disease

  • May lead to disease
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10
Q

If there is some distraction before cortisol produced, what happens?

A
  • will limit or prevent the production of cortisol
  • body’s ability to effectively deal with acute stress (fight/flight response)
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11
Q

What does cortisol do to the body?

A
  • Increase BP
  • Increase Cardiac output
  • Increase lipolysis in extremities
  • Promotes immunosuppression
  • Decrease sex hormones
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12
Q

Cortisol?

A
  • Stress hormone
  • BP, CO increase
  • Promotes immunosuppression
  • Decrees sex hormones
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13
Q

Cortisol increases blood glucose levels, how?

A
  1. Under stressful conditions, cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis
  2. This energy can help an individual fight or flight
  3. However elevated cortisol over the long term consistently produces glucose, leading to increased blood sugar levels= disease
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14
Q

What is the goal of stress response?

A

The emergency reaction system of the body

Energy mobilization

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15
Q

cortisol release from where?

A

Adrenal cortex

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16
Q

HPA Axis pathway 4steps

A
  1. hypothalamus (CRH)
  2. Anterior pituitary gland (ACTH)
  3. adrenal glands(Cortisol)
  4. Kidney
17
Q

Hydrocortisone medication
what signs and symptoms should you expect to see?

A

Raise blood glucose level

Be ready to explain this is a side effect

18
Q

High blood sugar in body called?

A

Hyperglycemia

Normal 140 mg/dL(2hours after eat)
70 to 99 mg/dL(no food for 8 hours)

19
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System stress response

What is the 2 hormones release?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
“ both directly by the stressor (VERY rapid response) ”

They produce by the adrenal medulla

20
Q

Aldosterone do for what?

A

Main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone

Increase blood pressure

Tthis assists the affects of epinephrine and norepinephrine to supply increased
-blood flow to the brain, heart, skeletal muscles to improve survival.

21
Q

Acute stress/beneficial or harmful?

A

Beneficial
-decreased initial inflammatory responses

22
Q

Chronic stress/ beneficial or harmful?

A
  • *Harmful**
  • *long-term stress weakens the responses of your immune system!**
  • induced release of cortisol
  • increased risk for infection
  • leads to many disease states
  • immune dysregulation
  • decreased natural killer and T-cell cytotoxicity
  • Impaired B-cell function
  • Primary tumor growth, metastasis of tumors
23
Q

If stress suppresses the immune system, why is it considered bad for people with autoimmune illnesses?

A

This triggers the immune system to go into overdrive to make up for it, trying to fight the “infection” that isn’t even there. That is what causes the damage.
The body has a way of trying to equal out.

24
Q

The immune system affects the Neuro and Endocrine systems, release what?

A

Cytokines

  • signaling molecules
  • secreted and bind to specific cell membrane
25
Q

Disease-related Long-Term Stress? 10

(Chronic, abnormal elevations of cortisol)

A

Cardiovascular disease
COPD
Type 2 diabetes
Cancer
Arthritis
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Sleep deprivation
Hypertension
Burnout

26
Q

What are the Catecholamines?
What do they do?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

  • Plaque formation in blood vessels
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Stroke
  • “Sickness syndrome”
  • Autoimmune D/O
27
Q

What is the COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

block airflow and make it difficult to breathe

28
Q

Risk for “Chronic Stress at Early Age”

A
  • *Increased risk of later disease**
  • Stress system and brain development are impacted (child abuse)
  • *Prenatal stress**
  • premature baby
  • low-birthweight baby
  • fetal malformations
29
Q

Effects of Stress on Telomeres?

A
  • Shorten with normal biologic aging
  • The process is accelerated by stress
  • Increases risk of early death
30
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A
  • Increase blood pressure
  • Pupil dilation
  • Goosebumps
  • Increase sweet gland action
  • Increase arteriole smooth muscle contraction
31
Q

What does Epinephrin do?

A
  • Increase BP and Cardio output
  • Bronchodilation
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Increase lipolysis
  • Decrease glucose uptake in Skelton muscle and adipose
  • Decrease insulin
32
Q

Cardiovascular system

Stress-related disease and condition

A

Coronary artery disease
HTN
Stroke
Disturbances of heart rhythm

33
Q

Muscle

Stress-related disease and condition

A

Tension headaches
Muscle contraction backache

34
Q

Connective tissue

Stress-related disease and condition

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory disease of connective tissee

35
Q

Pulmonary system

Stress-related disease and condition

A 
Asthma(hypersensitive reaction)
Hay fever(hypersensitive reaction)
36
Q

Immune system

Stress-related disease and condition

A

Immunosuppression or deficiency
Autoimmune disease

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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