Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory center in the a______ transmits impulses to the b________

A

a) brain stem
b) respiratory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the brain stem, the pons & medulla control what?

A

Rate, Depth, Rhythm

The medulla
Sends signals to the muscles involved in breathing

The pons
Controls of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Chemoreceptors?

A

Sensors that detect changes in CO2, O2, and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type 1 alveoli cells

A

95 percent of the alveolar surface, structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type 2 alveoli cells

A

smaller, responsible for producing the surfactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

To inhale the air O2 comes to the alveoli
Gas moves to simple diffusion a__________

  • *O2 is high** in b________
  • So O2 gas moves to c_______
A

a) high to low
b) alveoli
c) capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CO2 is high in the a_________
-So CO2 moves to b________

A

a) capillary
b) alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inhale O2 makes?

Simple gas diffusion occurs doing what?

A

intrapulmonary volume increase
= intrapulmonary pressure decreases

Gas move from high to low, so O2 comes into the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exhalation
Gas is out and diaphragms relax mean?

Simple gas diffusion occurs doing what?

A

= intrapulmonary volume decrease
= intrapulmonary pressure increases

Gas move from high to low, so CO2 goes out from the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compliance

The ability of?

Inhale or exhale?

Restrictive or obstructive?

A

lungs to expand

inhale

Restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Elastic recoil

The ability of?

inhale or exhale?

Restrictive or obstructive?

A

lungs to contract

Exhalation

Obstructive

(return to normal shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cohesive forces

a pleural fluid that fills the pleural space

A

a pleural fluid that fills the pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intra-pleural fluid creates?

allowing the a______ to slide within the b_____ against the c________

A

a slippery surface

a) lungs
b) chest
c) thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) risk factors

A
  • Smoking
  • Immobility (long flight, hospitalized, bed rest)
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PE leads?

Increase pulmonary a_____ pressure

Increase right b______pressure

Right-side heart failure
causes?

A

a)vascular
backflow to the right side of the heart

b) ventricular
- dilation of the ventricle

Decrease SV, CO, BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Restrictive

The issue with compliance or elastic recoil?

What is the lab value?

A

compliance

Air IN problem
Hard to INHALE

Low O2-hypoxia
Low O2 to the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Restrictive Disease examples

A

ARDS
Atelectasis
Kyphosis (round back)
Funnel chest (sunken breastbone)
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Obstructive

The issue with compliance or elastic recoil?

What is the lab value?

A

Elastic recoil
Air OUT problem
Hard to EXHALE

High CO2-hypercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Obstructive Disease example

A

Asthma
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Pulmonary cavity
(between parietal and visceral)
-little fluid
-Should not be any air in it
-Should be negative pressure

When air leaks,
intrapulmonary pressure (pulmonary cavity) turns positive

Now, the pulmonary cavity pushes to the lung
= lung collapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The O2-carrying capacity of whole blood is

A

The sum of the

dissolved O2 in the blood
amount bound to hemoglobin under saturating conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Eupnea?

A

normal breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kussmaul?

A
  • rapid, deep breathing
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • DKA (diabetic Ketocidosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cheyne-Stokes?

A

-Breathing that starts out deep and becomes shallow with periods of apneas(stop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow
some part of the body, heart or brain, isn’t getting enough blood

27
Q

Hypoxia

A

An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues

28
Q

Hypoventilation

A

breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body

29
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

It can cause severe pulmonary edema

30
Q

Which is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A

Heart disease

31
Q

COPD can be described as what kind of lung disease?

A

Inflammatory and Destructive

32
Q

True or False:

Is COPD preventable, not reversible, progressive and treatable but not curable

A

True

33
Q

two types of emphysema ?

A

Primary and secondary

34
Q

hat this indicate?

pH 7.32 (7.35-7.45)
PaO2 61 mm Hg (80-100)
PaCO2 58 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3 33 mEq/L(22 to 26)
SaO2 86% (≥ 95%)

A

Hypoxia, Respiratory acidosis, attempted metabolic compensation

35
Q

Primary emphysema causes?

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Genetic
PPL who don’t smoke
Young people

36
Q

Secondary emphysema

A

People who are smokers

The most preventable respiratory illnesses because it is so strongly linked to smoking.

37
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

mutation in CFTR gene dysfunction
absence of protein

38
Q

Is cystic fibrosis inherited from one parent or both?

A

To be born with cystic fibrosis, a child has to inherit a copy of the faulty gene from both of their parents

39
Q

Hypoventilation?

A

Breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body
Hypercapnia (increased pCO2) =Resp Acidosis

40
Q

How do you position a patient with a flail chest?

A

The injured side of the chest should be positioned down

41
Q

Flail chest?

A

Two or more contiguous rib fractures

42
Q

atelectasis?

A

Complete or partial collapse of a lung

43
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A collapsed lung
Air leaks into the space between the lungs and chest wall

44
Q

Hyperventilation?

A

Rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or panic
“Blow off” too much CO2
Hypocapnia (decreased pCO2)=Resp Alkalosis

45
Q

Ischemia?

A

Reduced blood flow

46
Q

Hypoxemia?

A

A low level of oxygen in the blood
Decreased O2 in the Arterial Blood leading to a decrease in partial pressure (PaO2)

47
Q

Hypoxia?

A

Decreased O2 in Cells of the TISSUES

48
Q

Hypoxia effect organ to the brain?

A

The brain is of special interest for hypoxia

(Brain cannot store oxygen but has high demand)

49
Q

Hypoxia effect the organ to the cell?

A

Cells go from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
Lactic Acid
Leads rapidly to metabolic acidosis

Cellular death can result from extreme or prolonged hypoxia

50
Q

Hypoxia s/s?

A

1 sign for Brain Hypoxia-—Change in LOC

Atelectasis
Cor Pulmonale

51
Q

Pulmonary hypertension?

A

A type of high blood pressure that affects arteries in the lungs and in the heart

52
Q

Cor pulmonale?

A

A condition that causes the right side of the heart to fail

53
Q

Pulmonary Edema causes?

Increased left atrial pressure

A

Increased left atrial pressure
-backflow, too many RBCs
-Increase pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
(too much fluid leaks out)

54
Q

Pulmonary Edema causes?

Injury to capillary

A

Injury to capillary

  • Increase capillary permeability
  • Leaks more fluid into interstitial space
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q

Pulmonary Edema causes?

Blockage of lymphatic vessels

A

-Inability to remove excess fluid
-Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
Symptoms
Dyspnea
Extreme shortness of breath
Cough
Wheezing(base)

58
Q

A patient who has required prolonged mechanical ventilation has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.48, PaO2 85 mm Hg, PaCO2 32 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mEq/L. The nurse interprets these results as?

a. metabolic acidosis.
b. metabolic alkalosis.
c. respiratory acidosis.
d. respiratory alkalosis.

A

D

59
Q

Which laboratory value should the nurse examine when evaluating uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

a) PaO2
b) Anion gap
c) PaCO2
d) HCO3-

A

C

60
Q

The nurse is caring for a diabetic patient in renal failure. Which laboratory findings would the nurse expect?

a) pH 7.3, PaCO2 36 mm Hg, HCO3- 19 mEq/L
b) pH 7.5, PaCO2 35 mm Hg, HCO3- 35 mEq/L
c) pH 7.3, PaCO2 47 mm Hg, HCO3- 23 mEq/L
d) pH 7.35, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, HCO3- 25 mEq/L

A

ANS: A

Patients in renal failure develop metabolic acidosis.

61
Q

A patient who is comatose is admitted to the hospital with an unknown history. Respirations are deep and rapid. Arterial blood gas levels on admission are pH, 7.20; PaCO2, 21 mm Hg; PaO2, 92 mm Hg; and HCO3-, 8. You interpret these laboratory values to indicate:

A

A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis

62
Q

Which of the following would be a potential cause for respiratory acidosis?

a. Diarrhea
b. Vomiting
c. Hyperventilation
d. Hypo-ventilation

A

d. Hypo-ventilation

63
Q

A pt’s blood gases show a pH greater of 7.53 & bicarbonate level of 36 mEq/L. The nurse realizes that the acid-base disorder this pt is demonstrating is which of the following?

a) respiratory acidosis
b) metabolic acidosis
c) respiratory alkalosis
d) metabolic alkalosis

A

d) metabolic alkalosis

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions