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Pathophysiology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic

Automatic

  • Sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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3
Q

The afferent’s pathways

A

Begins to stimulate

  • PNS
  • dorsal horn
  • diencephalon

then brain

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4
Q

Efferent pathway?

A

Signal from CNA
-Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts responsible for the pain?

A

Afferent pathway
Efferent pathway
Interpretive centers

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6
Q

Interpretive centers?

A

Subcortical and cortical networks

  • brainstem
  • Midbrain
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebral cortex
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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Walking
Movements of fingers and hands

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8
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary control
There are two kinds

Sympathetic Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Rest and digest

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9
Q

Neurons

a) Function
b) Structure

A

a) Responsible for receiving sensory input

Communicate signals to target cells

b) Cell body (soma)
Axons (Carry impulses away from the cell body)
Dendrites ( Carry impulses towards the cell body)

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10
Q

Myelin

A

Myelin

An insulating layer, those around in the brain and spinal cord

Lipid like substance

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11
Q

Opioids

A

Chemical compounds
Pain inhibitors
Increase pain tolerance

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12
Q

Heat regulation

a) Which nervous system responds?
b) Heat conservation process
c) Heat generation process

A

Think BLOOD = HEAT!!

a) Autonomic nervous center

b) Vasoconstriction
 Stop sweat(closing pores)

c) Increased muscle contraction
Shivering reflex

These all processes cause FEVER!!

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13
Q

Why DVT or DB patients’ feet are warm?

A

Because of blood clots

Blood = heat

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14
Q

Why do we need heat?

A

Kill bacteria!!

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15
Q

If the temperature gets up to 100.4f (38c)

What does it call?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

Malignant=bad

Hyper=high

Theramia=heat

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16
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

Ca involved an issue?

A

Generate heat= muscle contraction

Burn too much Ca= muscle tissue break down

Lactic acid release!!!

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17
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

What will happen acidosis develops?

A

Tachycardia
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypotension
Decrease CO2
Cardiac arrest

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18
Q

a) Cardiac arrest
b) Cardiac dysrhythmias

A

a) Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.
b) Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast,

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19
Q

Sleep normal cycle

REM?
NREM?

A

REM 20-25%

NREM 75-80%

  • Rest
  • Recovering

Elderly
Less sleep and hard to fall asleep
Men occur this 10 years earlier than women

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20
Q

Sleep disorder

a) Insomnia
b) Sleep-related movement disorder

A

a) inability to fall or stay asleep
b) Restless leg movement during sleep

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21
Q

Sleep disorder

Sleep-related breathing disorder

A

sleep apnea syndrome

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22
Q

Sleep disorder

Central disorder of hypersomnolence

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness

OSAS
Narcolepsy (primary hypersomnia)

23
Q

Sleep disorder

Circadian rhythm

A

Wake disorder

EXtrinsic-rapid time zone change or work shift
Japan!

INtrinsic-something inside of the body caused
hormone imbalance, party too much

24
Q

Sleep disorder

Parasomnias

A

Unusual behaviors
During NREM, stage 3

Sleep walking

25
Brain's effect Level of consciousness
LOC AOx4 Time Place Where you are? Event Why you are here? Person Who you are? **Intact= Brain is intact**
26
Brain's effect Breathing pattern a) Breathing control where? Produce rhythmic pattern b) AS consciousness decreases brainstem regulates what?
a) Cerebrum b) Breathing patterns through monitoring PaCO2
27
Brain's effect Vomiting
Straight vomiting without nausea = CN mechanism (injury) lower brainstem medulla oblongata vagal nerve
28
Brain's effect Pupillary changes
Ischemia/hypoxia dilated, fixed pupils Hypothermia+ fixed pupils
29
Brain's effect Oculomotor
Unsymmetrical Rapid movement Usually, eye relax and reflexive
30
Brain's effect Motor response Everyday movement Inappropriate Not present
Purposeful Parkinson Paralysis
31
Increased intracranial pressure leades?
Tumor growth Cerebral edema Excess CSF Hemorrhage Hyponatremia
32
**Monroe-Kellie hypothesis** a) What part cannot change in size? b) If anything in the skull increases, then PRESSURE?
a) Brain!! b) ICP- intracranial pressure increase
33
Blood Supply to the Brain a) What is the primary regulator? b) What does cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP) depend on?
a) CO2/CNS blood flow b) Intracranial pressure ICP
34
What is increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
A brain injury or another medical condition can cause growing pressure inside the skull
35
What minimum BP to need for perfuse cells in the brain?
70-90
36
Autoregulation in cerebral blood vessels a) What happens if BP is less than 70? b) What happens if BP is high?
a) Blood vessels constrict Artery collapse =Ischemia b) Blood vessels constrict BUT over 200 or so, starts to dilate
37
Cerebrovascular Disorders Ischemic stroke?
**TIA** Blockage of blood vessels lack of blood flow to the affected area
38
Cerebrovascular Disorders Hemorrhagic stroke?
Rupture of blood vessels Leakage of blood in the affected area ## Footnote **Chronic HTN is the main reason**
39
Cerebral edema **Vasogenic edema**/cause?
**Most common** increased permeability of the capillaries that comprise the blood-brain barrier Causes blood/fluid to increase in brain IS space
40
Hydrocephalus?
Conditions of excess fluid in the cerebral ventricles interference of CSF flow which is caused by increased fluid production, obstruction, tumor, reabsorption defect
41
Alzheimer’s disease
Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells A progressive disease Destroys memory
42
Parkinson disease
A disorder of the central nervous system Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop progressive
43
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease More common in women A weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control
44
Children Fontanelles a) Purpose b) development
a) Soft spots Allows for the rapid growth of the brain as well as ease of transport through the birth canal b) Posterior font. close 2-3 mths Anterior font. Closes at 18 mths
45
Neural tube defects Risk factors
Folic acid deficiency -during early pregnancy ``` Maternal DM or obesity Anticonvulsant drugs (gabapentin=Anticonvulsant) Maternal hyperthermia(heatstroke and severe reactions to medications) ```
46
Cerebral edema Cytotoxic edema/cause?
Metabolic Fluid in the cells of the brain rather than IS space
47
Cerebral edema Interstitial/hydrocephalic edema/cause?
Noncommunicating Movement of CSF from the lining of the ventricles into the extracellular space of the brain tissue
48
Head injury Concussion (TBI)?
Contact sports Blast injuries Falls Motor vehicle accident
49
Concussion?
A brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body
50
Post-concussive syndrome Symptoms?
Headache Dizziness Fatigue Anxiety Insomnia Loss of consternation Ringing ears
51
Low-back pain Cause?
Muscle stain Herniated disks Degenerative disk disease Spinal stenosis Spinal compression fractures
52
Causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
Excess weight and obesity
53
Central sleep apnea?
The brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing Heart failure Stroke

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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