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Pathophysiology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic

Automatic

  • Sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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3
Q

The afferent’s pathways

A

Begins to stimulate

  • PNS
  • dorsal horn
  • diencephalon

then brain

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4
Q

Efferent pathway?

A

Signal from CNA
-Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts responsible for the pain?

A

Afferent pathway
Efferent pathway
Interpretive centers

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6
Q

Interpretive centers?

A

Subcortical and cortical networks

  • brainstem
  • Midbrain
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebral cortex
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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Walking
Movements of fingers and hands

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8
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary control
There are two kinds

Sympathetic Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Rest and digest

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9
Q

Neurons

a) Function
b) Structure

A

a) Responsible for receiving sensory input

Communicate signals to target cells

b) Cell body (soma)
Axons (Carry impulses away from the cell body)
Dendrites ( Carry impulses towards the cell body)

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10
Q

Myelin

A

Myelin

An insulating layer, those around in the brain and spinal cord

Lipid like substance

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11
Q

Opioids

A

Chemical compounds
Pain inhibitors
Increase pain tolerance

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12
Q

Heat regulation

a) Which nervous system responds?
b) Heat conservation process
c) Heat generation process

A

Think BLOOD = HEAT!!

a) Autonomic nervous center

b) Vasoconstriction
 Stop sweat(closing pores)

c) Increased muscle contraction
Shivering reflex

These all processes cause FEVER!!

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13
Q

Why DVT or DB patients’ feet are warm?

A

Because of blood clots

Blood = heat

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14
Q

Why do we need heat?

A

Kill bacteria!!

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15
Q

If the temperature gets up to 100.4f (38c)

What does it call?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

Malignant=bad

Hyper=high

Theramia=heat

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16
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

Ca involved an issue?

A

Generate heat= muscle contraction

Burn too much Ca= muscle tissue break down

Lactic acid release!!!

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17
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

What will happen acidosis develops?

A

Tachycardia
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypotension
Decrease CO2
Cardiac arrest

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18
Q

a) Cardiac arrest
b) Cardiac dysrhythmias

A

a) Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.
b) Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast,

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19
Q

Sleep normal cycle

REM?
NREM?

A

REM 20-25%

NREM 75-80%

  • Rest
  • Recovering

Elderly
Less sleep and hard to fall asleep
Men occur this 10 years earlier than women

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20
Q

Sleep disorder

a) Insomnia
b) Sleep-related movement disorder

A

a) inability to fall or stay asleep
b) Restless leg movement during sleep

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21
Q

Sleep disorder

Sleep-related breathing disorder

A

sleep apnea syndrome

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22
Q

Sleep disorder

Central disorder of hypersomnolence

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness

OSAS
Narcolepsy (primary hypersomnia)

23
Q

Sleep disorder

Circadian rhythm

A

Wake disorder

EXtrinsic-rapid time zone change or work shift
Japan!

INtrinsic-something inside of the body caused
hormone imbalance, party too much

24
Q

Sleep disorder

Parasomnias

A

Unusual behaviors
During NREM, stage 3

Sleep walking

25
Q

Brain’s effect

Level of consciousness

A

LOC AOx4
Time
Place Where you are?
Event Why you are here?
Person Who you are?

Intact= Brain is intact

26
Q

Brain’s effect

Breathing pattern

a) Breathing control where?
Produce rhythmic pattern

b) AS consciousness decreases brainstem regulates what?

A

a) Cerebrum
b) Breathing patterns through monitoring PaCO2

27
Q

Brain’s effect

Vomiting

A

Straight vomiting without nausea
= CN mechanism (injury)

lower brainstem
medulla oblongata
vagal nerve

28
Q

Brain’s effect

Pupillary changes

A

Ischemia/hypoxia dilated, fixed pupils

Hypothermia+ fixed pupils

29
Q

Brain’s effect

Oculomotor

A

Unsymmetrical
Rapid movement

Usually, eye relax and reflexive

30
Q

Brain’s effect

Motor response

Everyday movement
Inappropriate
Not present

A

Purposeful
Parkinson
Paralysis

31
Q

Increased intracranial pressure leades?

A

Tumor growth
Cerebral edema
Excess CSF
Hemorrhage
Hyponatremia

32
Q

Monroe-Kellie hypothesis

a) What part cannot change in size?
b) If anything in the skull increases, then PRESSURE?

A

a) Brain!!
b) ICP- intracranial pressure increase

33
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain

a) What is the primary regulator?
b) What does cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP) depend on?

A

a) CO2/CNS blood flow
b) Intracranial pressure ICP

34
Q

What is increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

A brain injury or another medical condition can cause growing pressure inside the skull

35
Q

What minimum BP to need for perfuse cells in the brain?

A

70-90

36
Q

Autoregulation in cerebral blood vessels

a) What happens if BP is less than 70?
b) What happens if BP is high?

A

a) Blood vessels constrict
Artery collapse
=Ischemia

b) Blood vessels constrict

BUT over 200 or so, starts to dilate

37
Q

Cerebrovascular Disorders
Ischemic stroke?

A

TIA

Blockage of blood vessels
lack of blood flow to the affected area

38
Q

Cerebrovascular Disorders
Hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Rupture of blood vessels
Leakage of blood in the affected area

Chronic HTN is the main reason

39
Q

Cerebral edema

Vasogenic edema/cause?

A

Most common
increased permeability of the capillaries that comprise the blood-brain barrier
Causes blood/fluid to increase in brain IS space

40
Q

Hydrocephalus?

A

Conditions of excess fluid in the cerebral ventricles

interference of CSF flow which is caused by
increased fluid production, obstruction, tumor, reabsorption
defect

41
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells

A progressive disease
Destroys memory

42
Q

Parkinson disease

A

A disorder of the central nervous system
Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop
progressive

43
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease
More common in women

A weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control

44
Q

Children
Fontanelles

a) Purpose
b) development

A

a) Soft spots
Allows for the rapid growth of the brain
as well as ease of transport through the birth canal

b) Posterior font. close 2-3 mths
Anterior font. Closes at 18 mths

45
Q

Neural tube defects
Risk factors

A

Folic acid deficiency
-during early pregnancy

Maternal DM or obesity
Anticonvulsant drugs (gabapentin=Anticonvulsant)
Maternal hyperthermia(heatstroke and severe reactions to medications)
46
Q

Cerebral edema

Cytotoxic edema/cause?

A

Metabolic
Fluid in the cells of the brain rather than IS space

47
Q

Cerebral edema

Interstitial/hydrocephalic edema/cause?

A

Noncommunicating
Movement of CSF from the lining of the ventricles into the
extracellular space of the brain tissue

48
Q

Head injury

Concussion (TBI)?

A

Contact sports
Blast injuries
Falls
Motor vehicle accident

49
Q

Concussion?

A

A brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body

50
Q

Post-concussive syndrome

Symptoms?

A

Headache
Dizziness
Fatigue
Anxiety
Insomnia
Loss of consternation
Ringing ears

51
Q

Low-back pain

Cause?

A

Muscle stain
Herniated disks
Degenerative disk disease
Spinal stenosis
Spinal compression fractures

52
Q

Causes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

A

Excess weight and obesity

53
Q

Central sleep apnea?

A

The brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing

Heart failure
Stroke

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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