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Pathophysiology > Exam 2 Cardiac > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A

The pumping action of the heart

  • Repeated contraction (systole)
  • Relaxation (diastole)

of the walls of the atria and ventricles

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2
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

Process by which an action potential in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber triggers the cycle, leading to cross-bridge activity and contraction

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3
Q
A

a) Pulmonary valve
b) Tricuspid valve
c) Aortic valve
d) Mitral valve(bicuspid valve )

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4
Q

Critical role of the endothelium

All tissues depend on a blood supply and the blood supply depends on a)________, which form the blood vessel.

a)________ can adjust their number and arrangement to accommodate local requirements.

Vascular endothelial cells produce a number of essential chemicals including b)_______, c)________, d)________, and e)_______.

A

a) endothelial cells
b) vasodilators
c) vasoconstrictors
d) anticoagulants
e) growth factors

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5
Q

Cardiac cycle

What is the 5 phase?

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Early Ventricular Systole
  3. Ventricular Systole
  4. Early Ventricular Diastole
  5. Late Ventricular Diastole

Systole=contraction
Diastole=relax

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6
Q

What stage is Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction?

A

The 2nd Phase:
Early Ventricular Systole

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7
Q

What stage is Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation?

A

The 4th Phase:
Early Ventricular Diastole

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8
Q

What phase is the “rapid ejection period”?

A

The 3rd Phase:
Ventricular Systole

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9
Q

When does “ventricular filling” occur?

A

The 5th Phase:
Late Ventricular Diastole

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10
Q

Valves movement #1

A

Open tricuspid and mitral valves
valves are relax

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11
Q

Valves movement #2

A
  • *Closed tricuspid and mitral valves**
  • *Both ventricles are contracted**

When the right ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve closes and keeps blood from flowing backward into the right atrium when the ventricle contracts

When the left ventricle is full, the mitral valve closes and keeps blood from flowing backward into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts.

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12
Q

Valves movement #3

A

Open pulmonic and aortic valve

As the right ventricle begins to contract, the pulmonic valve is forced open.
Blood is pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

As the left ventricle begins to contract, the aortic valve is forced open.
Blood is pumped out of the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta. The aorta branches into many arteries and provides blood to the body.

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13
Q

Valves movement #4

A
  • *Closed pulmonic and aortic valves**
  • *ventricle finishes contracting and starts to relax**

When the right ventricle finishes contracting and starts to relax, the pulmonic valve snaps shut. This keeps blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.
When the left ventricle finishes contracting and begins to relax, the aortic valve snaps shut. This keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

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14
Q

What is the perfusion means?

A

Perfusion”=Think “ BLOOD Flow

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15
Q

What is the Systole and Diastole means?

A

Systole-constriction phase
Diastole-relaxation phase

The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems
To pump oxygenated blood to the body
Thicker and more muscular

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16
Q

What is the Coronary circulation?

A

Blood supply to the heart, via coronary arteries

  • Right coronary artery; arises from right/anterior aortic sinus
  • Left coronary artery; arises from left aortic sinus
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17
Q

What three major vessels return blood to the heart?

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Inferior Vena Cava
  3. Coronary Sinus
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18
Q

What is the difference between AV valves and semilunar valves?

A

AV valves

  • Between the atria and ventricles
  • Require chordae tendinea to prevent them from opening in the wrong direction

Semilunar valves

  • Stronger and are half moon shaped
  • Between the ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart
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19
Q

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Systolic blood pressure (the first and higher number) measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats

Diastolic blood pressure (the second and lower number) measures the pressure inside the artery when the heart rests between beats

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20
Q

Which term is determined by stroke volume, speed of ejection, and arterial distensibility?

Arterial pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure

A

Pulse pressure

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21
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

It’s all about a)________
MAP—Normal range b)________
Minimum MAP to maintain tissue perfusion c)________

How do we calculate? d)________

A

a) TISSUE PERFUSION
b) 70-110 mmHg

c) >/= 65
d) MAP= 1 Systolic + 2 Diastolic *3

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22
Q

What is the Left Heart Failure?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

Left ventricle failure(systolic failure)
Fluid backs into the lung
Reduce injection fraction

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23
Q

What is the Congestive Heart Failure?

A

The heart doesn’t pump blood as efficiently as it should
Causes by coronary artery disease(high cholesterol, high BP)

Develops over years
Chronic end-stage heart disease
Can lead to circulatory inadequacies

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24
Q

Symptoms of left side of heat failure

A
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25
Q

What is the right Heart Failure?

A

Ventricle is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs
Backs up in the systemic system
Chronic lung disease
Lung Infections

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26
Q

Symptoms of right side of heat failure

A
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27
Q
A
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28
Q

What is the coronary artery bypass graft?

CABG

A

Taking a blood vessel from another part of the body (usually the chest, leg or arm) and attaching it to the coronary artery above and below the narrowed area or blockage

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29
Q

What is the cause of DVT? 3

A

Venous Stasis
Venous Endothelial Damage
Hypercoagulable States

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30
Q

Thrombus Formation–Arterial

What cause is this?

A

Inflammation
Traumatic injury
Infection

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31
Q

What is the primary HTN?

A

Increased afterload
Overactivity of the RAAS
Insulin resistance
Increased vascular resistance

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32
Q

What is the secondary HTN?

A

Renal Disease
Adrenocortical tumors
Fix other problem BP go away
Medication

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33
Q

What is the 2 types of main reason of heart failure?

A

Systolic
Loss of Contractility
Ventricles can’t pump enough blood during systole

Diastolic
Loss of Relaxation
Ventricles can’t fill with enough blood during diastole

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34
Q

What is the factors of left heart failure?

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathies
Increased ischemia
Increased workload (CO formula…?)
(Hypertension–High afterload)

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35
Q

What is the common causes of Congestive heart failure/CHF?

A

Pump failure
Impaired contractility
Increased workload

Arrhythmias: myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies

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36
Q

Increased workload over a period of time

A

Causes ventricle to pump harder
HTN because heart must work harder
volume overload
Sodium content (kidney failure)

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37
Q

Why CHF is secondary disease?

A

Because it is the end result of another underlying and persisting condition.

  • often called end stage cardiovascular disease
  • slowly develops
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38
Q

What is the Preload?

A

the amount of blood returning to the heart

Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction

Volume of blood that enters the right atrium from the venous system
-Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole

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39
Q

What is the Afterload?

A
  • *The resistance against the heart has to pump**
  • The resistance exerted by the pressure within the aorta against the left ventricle
  • The amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome in order to pump blood out of the heart
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40
Q

What is the Cardiac Output?

A

Amount of blood that the heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute

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41
Q

What is the Stroke Volume?

A

Amount of blood within the ventricle that is ejected with each contraction
This can also be referred to as left ventricular ejection fraction

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42
Q

The higher the ___________ the more the heart has to work and the weaker it gets

afterload

A

afterload

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43
Q

How Does Chronic HTN Lead to HF?

A
  • High aortic pressure against the left ventricle
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy occurs
  • Coronary artery blood flow becomes insufficient to supply the enlarged left ventricle
  • Ischemia of left ventricle–>MI–>HF
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44
Q

Why does heart failure result in hypokalemia?

A
  • In heart failure, blood volume increases because of excess water within the bloodstream
  • The repeated stimulation of the RAAS increases the risk of hypokalemia
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45
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an adaptation to a persistently high:

b. cardiac preload
c. cardiac ischemia
d. cardiac depression

A

a. cardiac afterload

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46
Q

Which of the following factors will cause cardiac O2 demands to increase?

a. Increased End Diastolic Volume
b. Decreased Heart Rate
c. Increased End Systolic Volume
d. Decreased End Diastolic Volume

A

a. Increased End Diastolic Volume

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47
Q

Which coronary artery branch is responsible for perfusing the ventricular conduction system?

a. The Left Anterior Descending
b. The Left Circumflex
c. The Right Coronary Artery
d. The Left Anterior Descending

A

a. The Left Anterior Descending

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48
Q

Anginal cardiac ischemic pain is a form of

a. referred pain
b. psychosomatic pain
c. somatosensory pain
d. phantom pain

A

referred pain

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49
Q

GI distress, weight loss, and impaired liver function are signs of which kind of heart failure?

a. Right-sided heart failure

b. Left-sided heart failure

A

a. Right-sided heart failure

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50
Q

The physiologic compensatory responses to decreased cardiac function seen with chronic heart failure have what kind of effects:

a. Increased cardiac afterload
b. Increased cardiac preload
c. Increased heart rate and O2 demands
d. All of these

A

a. Right-sided heart failure

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51
Q

Inflammation of the heart tissue is also known as?

A

carditis

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52
Q

An unstable plaque in the coronary arteries can result in which of the following complications?

a. abnormal vasodilation
b. stable angina
c. myocardial infarction
d. hypertension
e. myocardial ischemia

A

C

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53
Q

In the development of primary hypertension, increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity causes: (select all)

a. decreased heart rate
b. increased renal excretion
c. peripheral vasoconstriction
d. decreased insulin resistance
e. increased peripheral resistance

A

C, E

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54
Q

Dysfuntion in the normal secretion of natriuretic hormones affects renal absorption of:

a. water only
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. aldosterone

A

C

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55
Q

How is insulin resistance related to the development of primary hypertension?

A

Insulin resistance activates the sympathetic nervous system, contributes to the development of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and eventually atherosclerosis, and promotes thrombus formation
Insulin resistance contributes to increases in SNS activity, peripheral resistance, endothelial injury and thrombus formation.

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56
Q

What is the Atherosclerosis?

A

The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls

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57
Q

A risk factor that is associated with atherosclerosis and primary hypertension is:

a. high sodium diet
b. advanced age
c. hyperhomocystenemia
d. a low potassium diet

A

B

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58
Q

Over time, sustained hypertension can result in which of the following problems?

A

Vascular remodeling
Over time, prolonged vasoconstriction can result in permanent remodeling of blood vessel walls.

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59
Q

Complications of sustained hypertension include which of the following?

a. retinal damage
b. stroke
c. renal disease
d. all of the above

A

D

60
Q

Sustained uncontrolled hypertension can result in which of the following life-threatening complications?

A. CVA(stroke)
B. encephalopathy
C. cardiac failure
D. all of the above

A

D

61
Q

Secondary hypertension is caused by?

A

Altered hemodynamics associated with a primary disease such as atherosclerosis or renal failure.

62
Q

An individual with secondary hypertension has an abnormal blood pressure caused by:

a. prolonged primary
b. high sodium intake
c. genetics
d. a systemic disease

A

D

63
Q

The pathophysiology of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) can be described through three processes, known as Virchow’s triad. Which of the following is not a component of Virchow’s Triad?

a. venous stasis
b. LDL accumulation
c. hypercoagulable state
d. endothelial injury

A

B

64
Q

Clinical manifestations of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower leg include:

a. pain and edema in the affected limb
b. muscle paralysis
c. reduced pulse in foot
d. skin pallor in the area of thrombosis

A

A

65
Q

The most common cause of coronary artery disease is:

a. myocarditis
b. hypoglycemia
c. atherosclerosis
d. vasospasm

A

C

66
Q

Atherosclerosis results in decreased blood flow to the

A

Myocardium

The muscular layer of the heart

67
Q

The most important component in the development of acute coronary syndromes is a decrease in supply or an increase in demand for:

a. potassium and sodium
b. glucose
c. myoglobin
d. oxygen

D

A

D

68
Q

Unstable angina is considered a precursor to?

A

Myocardial infarction
The concern with unstable angina is that a clot may form in the diseased coronary artery and cause occlusion of the vessel and a myocardial infarction.

69
Q

Which of the following conditions is caused by the collection of fluid in the pericardial sac, resulting in tamponade?

a. pericardial rub
b. pericardial effusion
c. cardiomyopathy
d. constrictive pericarditis

A

B

70
Q

In left ventricular failure, decreased perfusion to the kidneys stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which may ultimately result in:

a. decrease in preload
b. decrease blood pressure
c increased blood volume
d. vasodilation

A

C

71
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) results in which of the following intraventricular hemodynamic changes?

a. increases left ventricular preload, LVEDP
b. increased ejection fraction
c. decreased right ventricular preload
d. decreased right ventricular end-diastolic pressure

A

A

72
Q

A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which fo the following heart failures generally results from this condition?

a. left heart failure, CHF
b. right heart failure, Cor Pulmonale

A

B

73
Q

Of the following diseases, which is the most common cause of right heart failure?

a. primary HTN
b. infective endocarditis
c. left heart failure
d. pericarditis

A

C

74
Q

Manifestations of increased left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures in left (congestive) heart failure include:

a. syncope
b. weak pulses and decreased skin temperature
c. oliguria
d. dyspnea and cough

A

D

75
Q

Increased atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure from back flow (CHF) result in

A

Pulmonary edema; –> hypoxemia which causes dyspnea and the accumulation of fluid in lung tissue stimulates cough

76
Q

Blood pressure that is sustained systolic greater that 140mmHg and diastolic that is below 90 is associated with CV and cerebrovascular events, and is referred to as which of the following terms?

A

Isolated systolic hypertension

77
Q

Blood Pressure that is rapidly progressive with diastolic above 140 mmHg can cause cerebral edema/loss of function, which of the following terms best describes this type of BP

A

Malignant hypertension

78
Q

What’s conditions refers to the imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand?

A

myocardial ischemia

79
Q

What’s conditions refers to the imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand?

myocardial ischemia

A

myocardial ischemia

80
Q

What is the most commonly involved coronary artery in myocardial infarction (MI)?

a) Right coronary artery (RCA)
b) Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
c) Left circumflex artery (LCA)
d) Posterior descending artery (PDA)

A

b

81
Q

What is the key complication in the first 24 hours of an MI?
A) Fibrinous pericarditis
B) Cornry artery aneurysm
C) Arrhythmia
D) Mitral insufficiency

A

C

82
Q

What are the characteristics of stable angina?
A) Chest pain that occurs with exertion and/or emotional stress
B) Severe and crushing chest pain (>20 mins)
C) Chest pain that occurs at rest
D) Bradycardia

A

A

83
Q

Stable angina is type of a)________?

What is a)________ characteristic?

A

a) Ischemic heart disease

b) Narrowed heart arteries
Buildup of plaque
Limiting blood flow

84
Q

What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?

a) Left-sided heart failure
b) Chronic lung disease (Cor Pulmonale)
c) Hypothyroidism

A

a

85
Q

Pulmonary artery?

A

great vessel
from right ventricle; enters pulmonary circulation
divide into right and left PA
transport deoxygenated blood

86
Q

Pulmonary veins?

A

great vessel
carry oxygenated blood
from lungs to left atrium

87
Q

Aorta?

A
88
Q

right heart blood flow

A

superior vena cava
right atriu
triscupid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs

89
Q

left heart blood flow

lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
entire body

A

lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
entire body
lungs

90
Q

diastole?

A

relaxation
occurs when AV valves open
blood fills ventricles
capillary perfusion

91
Q

systole?

A

contractoin
ventricles contract
propels blood of pulmonary artery and aorta
AV valves close

92
Q

coronary vessels

A

support metabolic needs of the heart
go across myocardium
right: extends around right heart to posterior
left: circumflex artery - provides blood to left atrium

93
Q

a) Collateral arteries function?
b) coronary capillaries function?

A

a) supply blood/O2 to myocardium
b) exchange O2 and nutrients

94
Q

Conduction system

special cells enable myocardium to transmit action potentions
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, R/L Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers

A

a) supply blood/O2 to myocardium
b) exchange O2 and nutrients

95
Q

a) sinoatrial node
b) atrioventricular node

A

a) “primary pacemaker”a) “primary pacemaker”
b) conduction between atria and ventricles

96
Q

frank-starling law of heart

A

direct relation between volume of blood in heart and force of contraction

97
Q

systemic circulation

A

left heart; to entire body:
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

98
Q

Deep venous thrombosis

A

disease of veins

thrombus
obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
factors: Triad Virchow (venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoaguble states)

99
Q

Thromboembolis

A
100
Q

superior vena cava syndrome

A

progression occlusion of SVC that leads to venous distention of upper extremities and head
oncologic emergency

101
Q

primary hypertension

A

= consistent elevation of blood pressure
essential or idiopathic; genetic and environmental factors
92%-95% of individuals

102
Q

secondary hypertension

A

BP elevation caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output

103
Q

isolated systolic hypertension

A

elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increase in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance or both

104
Q

aneurysm?

A

disease of arteries/veins
local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

105
Q

thrombus formation

A

blood clot that remains attached to vessel wall
thromboembolus
thrombophlebitis
arterial
venous

106
Q

embolism

A

bolus of matter that circulates in the bloodstream
*dislodged thrombus, air bubble, amniotic fluid, aggregate of fluid, bacteria, cancer cells, or foreign substance

107
Q

coronary artery disease

any vascular disorder that narrows/occludes the coronary arteries
most common cause: artherosclerosis
risk factors: dyslipidemia (increased lipid/fat level); hypertension; smoking; diabetes; obesity/sedentary lifestyle

A

any vascular disorder that narrows/occludes the coronary arteries
most common cause: artherosclerosis
risk factors: dyslipidemia (increased lipid/fat level); hypertension; smoking; diabetes; obesity/sedentary lifestyle

108
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

any vascular disorder that narrows/occludes the coronary arteries
most common cause: artherosclerosis
risk factors: dyslipidemia (increased lipid/fat level); hypertension; smoking; diabetes; obesity/sedentary lifestyle

109
Q

stable angina

current chest pain; can be reversible

A

current chest pain; can be reversible

110
Q

unstable angine

A

acute coronary syndrome
impending myocardial ischemia (heart attack

111
Q

Rate of impulse (HR)

What cause sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic (SNS) Increases rate/strength contraction (epinephrine); Dilate coronary arteries
Parasympathetic (PNS): Decreases rate/strength contraction (Acetylcholine)

112
Q

BP is maintained by?

A

Contraction of Left ventricle
Peripheral (systemic) vascular resistance (diameter)
Elasticity of arterial walls
Viscosity and volume of blood

113
Q

CO= a)________ x b________

A

CO = Cardiac Output

a) Haert rate
b) stroke volume

114
Q
A
115
Q
A
116
Q

a) Fill the tank?
b) Squeeze the tank?
c) Open the gate?
d) Repeat as necessary?(not too fast, not too slow)

Result: Enough blood pumped out (CO)good MAP
–>Good tissue perfusion (O2 & nutrients)

A

a) Preload
b) contractility
c) afterload
d) heart rate

117
Q

RAAS–Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Vaso________ and ________ retention
ADH—Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Controls __________ retention
ANH/BNP—

A

Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
Controls water retention

118
Q

Myocardial infection Pathophysiology

A

coronary artery completely obstructed
leads to prolonged ischemia and cell death
3 ways:
1. thrombus buildup
2. vasospasm occur in presence of a partial occlusion by artheroma
3. part of thrombus break away; embolus lodges in smaller branch

119
Q

The most immediate of the compensatory mechanisms are the __________ and _________ systems, which are designed to maintain ____________ and ____________

A

sympathetic and renin

cardiac output and blood pressure.

120
Q

The intense vasoconstriction causes a decrease in ____________ and insufficient supply of __________

A

tissue perfusion

oxygen.

121
Q

_____________ occurs when the heart fails to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body’s demands.

A

Cardiogenic Shock

122
Q

Decreased cardiac output
Hypotension
Hypoperfusion
Tissue hypoxia

These define ___________

A

Cardiogenic shock

123
Q

Which of the following could lead to cardiogenic shock? “Select ALL that apply”

A

MI
Inadequate coronary blood flow
Sustained arrythmia
Cardiomyopathies

All of the above

124
Q

Mechanisms of cardiogenic shock:

A

Impaired myocardial contractility

Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm

Cardiac structural disorder

125
Q

People with cardiogenic shock have

A decrease in _______ and ______
Increased ________ and ________

A

stroke volume and cardiac output

afterload and preload

126
Q

Why is there a decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output in cardiogenic shock?

A

Decreased myocardial contractility
Increased afterload
Excessive preload

127
Q

Why is there increased afterload in cardiogenic shock?

SNS and RAAS activation

A

SNS and RAAS activation

128
Q

Why is there increased preload in cardiogenic shock?

A

RAAS activation results in an aldosterone-mediated increase in fluid retention

Blood returning to the heart is added to blood that previously was not pumped forward, resulting in an increased LVED (left ventricle end diastole)

129
Q

As hypovolemic shock progresses, ________________ of the blood vessels that supply the skin, skeletal muscles, kidneys, and abdominal organs becomes more severe, with a further _________ in blood flow and conversion to anaerobic metabolism resulting in __________.

A

vasoconstriction, decrease, cellular injury

130
Q

Pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock (5)

A

decreased blood volume → decreased venous return → decreased SV → decreased CO → decreased tissue perfusion

131
Q

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A

A thrombus is a blood clot

An embolus is a sudden blocking of an artery.

132
Q

Which term describes an occlusion in a blood vessel caused by a bolus of circulating matter in the bloodstream?

A. Thrombus
B. Embolus
C. Thrombophlebitis
D. Foam cell

A

B. Embolus

An embolus is a bolus of matter that is circulating in the blood. A thrombus is a blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall. Thrombophlebitis is the inflammation caused by a thrombus. Foam cells are lipid-laden cells that contribute to fatty streaks.

bolus　小さくて丸く柔らかい塊

133
Q

Cholesterol travels in the bloodstream in predominantly which lipoprotein form?

a. HDLs
b. Chylomicrons
c. LDLs
d. IDLs

A

c. LDLs

“bad” cholesterol

134
Q

An embolus that originates in the deep veins of the lower legs will travel and cause…

a. a heart attack
b. an embolic stroke
c. All of these
d. a pulmonary embolus

A

d. a pulmonary embolus

135
Q

Define dysrhythmia

A

Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.

136
Q

Cardiac output

A
  • Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute
137
Q

What is cardiac output determined by?

A
  • Heart rate and stroke volume
  • CO= HR X SV
138
Q

Stroke volume

A
  • blood pumped per beat
  • measured in ml/beat
139
Q

Types of shock (5)

A
  • hypovolemic
  • cardiogenic
  • circulatory/distributive
  • neurogenic
  • anaphylactic
140
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

heart’s ability to contract and pump blood is impaired

141
Q

Circulatory/distributive shock (2)

A

intravascular volume pools in peripheral blood vessels

includes septic shock

142
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

loss of balance between PNS and SNS stimulation causes vasodilation

143
Q

Someone with an MI is more likely to develop what kind of shock?

A

Cardiogenic

144
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

Results from impaired cardiac output. This shock state primarily involves failure of the left ventricle.

145
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduces the heart muscle’s ability to pump blood

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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