Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

A factor that increases the glomerular filtration rate is

A

Fluid volume excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 main functions of renal?

A

Fluid balance
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The main driving force for glomerular filtration is?

A

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Glomerulus do?

A

Filter
Water and solutes from blood (glucose, amino acids, ions, creatinine, urea)

-No protein(albumin) and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Proximal convolutes tubule do?

A

Reabsorption (to the blood)

  • Na+(majority)
  • Water, glucose, K+, amino acids, bicarb, urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Descending loop of Henle do?

A

Reabsorption

-ONLY water

Because the medulla is very salty, water always follows Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Ascending loop of Henle do?

A

Reabsorption

-ONLY ions, Na, Cl, and K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a distal convoluted tube do?

A

Secretion and Reabsorption

  • Selective secretion ( K+, H+, some drugs)
  • Reabsorption (water, Na+)
  • Maintain blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the Collecting duct do?

A

Reabsorption for final water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a) ADH?
b) Where to secret?

c) The function of urine production

A

a) Promote water retention in the kidney
b) posterior pituitary

c) Control concentration of final urine
Acts at distal tubule collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADH increases a_______ by the kidney

By increasing water permeability of the b______ and C________

A

a) water reabsorption
b) distal tubules
c) collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The drop in blood pressure detected by each nephron’s juxtaglomerular apparatus

responds by secreting????

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renin triggers the formation of a________?

Which stimulates the release of from the b_______ adrenal cortex??

A

a) angiotensin II
b) aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aldosterone?

A

Promote reabsorption of salt

Increase K and hydrogen ion excretion 排泄

Acts at distal tubule (Principal cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aldosterone then slowly boosts a______ by the kidneys

by increasing reabsorption of b________

A

a) water reabsorption
b) Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Factors affect GFR? 3

A

Obstruction-kideny stone

Losing too many fluid- Vomiting diarrhea

Low plasma proteins-decrease plasma oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What substance are filtered at the glomerulus?

A

Water, electrolytes, glucose, and organic molecules

NO RBCs!

NO Protein!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lab test

Blood Uria Nitrogen

A

A waste product formed after the body uses the protein it needs

Urea is metabolism 7-24
( I like BUNs 7/24)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Elevated BUN can also be due to?

A

Dehydration
Urinary tract obstruction
Congestive heart failure
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Shock
Severe burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lab test

Serum Creatinine

A

The waste product from muscle breakdown/To see how well GFR

Creatine Should NOT reabsorb or secret
High levels of creatinine
=kidney not working properly

Men-1.4
Women-1.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kidney stone formation

  1. a_________ of one or more salts in the urine
  2. b________ of the salts from a liquid to a solid state
  3. Growth through c_________ and the presence or absence of stone inhibitors
A

a) supersaturation
b) precipitation 沈澱
c) crystallization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stone

Supersaturation

A

Period of extremely high mineral concentration in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stone

Precipitation 沈澱

A

Fine little particles that settle at the bottom, can aggregate and form a kidney stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

kidney stone underlying causes?

A

Drinking too little water
Exercise (too much or too little)
Obesity
High protein food
High salt food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

BUN low means?

A

Chronic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acute renal failure

Intrarenal

A
  • *Damage to nephron**
  • *Reduce GFR rate**

Acute Glomerulonephritis (10%)
Acute Tubular Necrosis (90%)
Ischemic (All prerenal causes)
Nephrotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Acute renal failure 4

Prerenal

A

Decrease blood flow to the kidney

Decrease cardiac output
(MI)

Decrease volume
Hemorrhage
vomiting/diarrhea

Obstruction
thrombus

(decrease perfusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Acute renal failure

Prerenal/clinical indicate

A

If not corrected quickly (<90 minutes)݈ Leads to IntraRenal Injury

Maybe an irreversible injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Acute renal failure

Intrarenal/clinical indicate

A
31
Q
  1. ______________ is solely filtered from the bloodstream via the glomerulus and is NOT reabsorbed back into the bloodstream but is excreted through the urine.

A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Potassium
D. Magnesium

A

B. Creatinine

32
Q

A patient with acute renal injury has a GFR (glomerular filtration rate) of 40 mL/min. Which signs and symptoms below may this patient present with? Select all that apply:
A. Hypervolemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Increased BUN level
D. Decreased Creatinine level

A

A and C

A GFR of 40 mL/min indicates that the kidney’s ability to filter the blood is decreased. Therefore, the kidneys will be unable to remove waste and excessive water from the blood.

33
Q

A 55-year-old male patient is admitted with a massive GI bleed. The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury?
A. Post-renal
B. Intra-renal
C. Pre-renal
D. Intrinsic renal

A

C. Pre-renal

34
Q

Acute renal failure

Postrenal

A

Urine flow obstructive

Renal Stones
Blood clot
Edema
Tumors

Pregnancy (hormones)
Spinal Cord Injury (Neurogenic bladder)

35
Q
A
36
Q
A
37
Q

Cystitis?

A

Also called: UTI, bladder infection

Lower abd pain
UA- bacteria
Dark yellow, brown ish(hematuria)

38
Q

Pyelonephritis?

A

Infection of the renal pelvis
Upper kidney
Flank pain
Same SS as cystitis
Can lead to PKD and renal failure

39
Q

Glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus

Autoimmune
Increase BUN
Hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Other electorates imbalance

40
Q

Acute tubular necrosis

A

Tissue death

Ischemic= purfusion issue
Diabetics
HTN
Chronic arteriole disease
Cardiovascular disease

41
Q

Acute kidney failure

a) Urinary changes?
b) Fluid volume?

c) Sodium balance?
Potassium?

A

a) Oliguria/Low urine output
b) volume overload leading to pulmonary edema
c) Both excess

42
Q

Acute Kidney Injury
Clinical Manifestations

Maintenance/Oliguric phase (1- 14 days)

a) BUN, Cr rate?
b) other data?

A

a) increase

b) Metabolic acidosis
Neurologic disorders

43
Q

If GFR decreases??

A

Decrease urine output
=increase water in body HTN, edema

44
Q

Aldosterone

What is the goal?

A

Increased blood volume
Increased blood pressure

45
Q

RAAS System

a) What is the goal
b) what is the trigger?

A

Increased blood volume
Increased blood pressure

46
Q

Kidney releases a______ then acts in adrenal cortex to release b_______?

A

a) renin
Angiotensin I
Lungs release ACE
Angiotensin II
Vasoconstriction

b)aldosterone

47
Q
A
48
Q

ANP and BNP?

A

Inhibit renin secretion
Inhibits and inducesterone secretion
Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption
Acts on Macula densa cells

49
Q

Receive how much blood per minute from the heart?

A

1-1.2/L M

50
Q

Renal blood distribution

To glomerulus for filtration?
To peritubular capillaries?

A

20%

80%

51
Q

Kidneys able to do what?

High BP afferent arteriole doing what?
Low BP afferent arteriole trigger what?

A

Autoregulate but only range 80-180

Constricts
RASS

52
Q

Efferent arteiole vasoconstriction

glomerular hydrostatic pressure what?
GFR?

A

Both increase

53
Q

Afferent arterioles hydrostatic pressure high or low?

Efferent arterioles hydrostatic pressure high or low?

A

High

Low

54
Q

Loos of autoregulation BP at how #?

A

BP> 180

55
Q

Loos of autoregulation leads what problem?

A

Increase glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

= Pushes more fiuid

56
Q

Low plasma protein(albumin) leads what problem of CFR?

A

Decrease glomerular capillary oncotic pressure
Fluid stay in bowman’s space

=Damage to the glomerular filtration membrane

57
Q

BP <80, then what cause of autoregulation?

A

Decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Pushes less fluid

Increase glomerular oncotic pressure
Fluid stay in capillary= vomiting, diarrhea

58
Q

Principal cells?

A

Aldosterone effect

Reabsorbed Na
Secrete K

59
Q

Macula Densa Cells

reased/decreased amounts of filtered a________

Increased b________
afferent arteriole vasoconstriction= (decreases c_________)

A

a) Na
b) GFR & sodium
c) GFR

60
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Sense increase or decrease BP in where?

Decreased a_____ in Distal Tubule

Initiates b______ response

A

decreased BP
in afferent arteriole

a) Na
b) RAAS

61
Q

Oliguria?

A

Urine output below normal
Less than 400ml/24hr

62
Q

Anuria?

A

lack of urine production
less than 50ml/24hr

63
Q

Uremia

A

High levels of waste products in the blood
(increase BUN and Cr)

severe azotemia

64
Q

Uremia

A

Can lead to kidney failure when left untreated

Seizures
Loss of consciousness
Heart attacks

65
Q

azotemia

A

Elevated levels of urea and other nitrogen compounds in the blood

66
Q

Glomerulonephritis

What organism?

A

Poststreptococcal

Occurs after throat or skin infection
with group A alpha-hemolytic

67
Q

NephrOtic Syndrome?

A

pOdocyte damage leading to protein exertion

Loses 3.5g/day
More common in child
Reversible

68
Q

Nephrotic findings?

A

Hypoalbuminemia
Edema
Vitamin D deficiency

69
Q

NephrItic?

A

Blood loss through the inflammation of the basement membrane

BP high
Cola colored urine

70
Q

Chronic kidney causes 3

A

Type 2 diabetes 42%

HTN 28%

Type 1 diabetes 4%

71
Q

Chronic kidney stage 1

A

No symptoms but there are

Diabetes
HTN
Obesity

72
Q

Chronic kidney stage 3

A

30-60% of kidneys still function

dialysis

73
Q

Renal failure

Symptoms

A

Decreased urine output
Fluid retention, causing edema
Shortness of breath.
Fatigue
Confusion
Nausea
Weakness
Irregular heartbeat

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions