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Respiratory > Strangles > Flashcards

Strangles Flashcards

1
Q

What age horse can stangles affect?

A

All foals, weanlings and adults

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2
Q

Outline the characteristics of S. equi equi

A

G+ve
Not commensal
Highly infectious
Equine specific

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3
Q

How is strangles transmitted?

A

Contact with nasal secretions/LN discharge

Contact with asymptomatic carriers

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4
Q

How long does recovery from strangles take?

A

2-3 weeks

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5
Q

How long does nasal shedding continue after strangles disease?

A

2-3 weeks

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6
Q

How can strangles present clinically?

A

Acute
Atypical
Complications

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute/classic strangles?

A 
Pyrexia, depression, inappetence
LN abscess
Dyspnoea/dysphagia 
Mucopurulent nasal discharge
Cough
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of atypical strangles?

A

Mild URT inflam
Slight nasal discharge
Cough Pyrexia
Limited lympadenopathy

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9
Q

Why is atypical strangles potentially v dangerous?

A

Doesn’t look like normal strangles and is therefore not identified and isolation protocols put in place

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10
Q

What are the possible complication of strangles?

A

Pupura haemorrhagica (bleeds from capillaries => red spots and oedema), anaemia

Abdominal abscess

GP empyema and chondroids

Horner’s sydrome, CNS abscess

Mammary gland abscess, agalactia

Tracheal compression

Myopathy

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11
Q

How is strangles diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs

Increased WBC, fibrin

Isolation/detection of S equi from LN/nasopharynx/GP

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12
Q

What is the most sensitive diagnostic test for strangles?

A

PCR

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13
Q

What is the most sensitive sample to take for diagnosis of strangles?

A

GP lavage

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14
Q

How are horses that have been exposure to strangles treated?

A

Penicillin until isolated from infected horse

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15
Q

How are horses with early clinical signs of strangles treated?

A

Penicillin

Nursing, anti-pyretics, soft food

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16
Q

How are horses with LN abscesses in strangles treated?

A

Poulticing and drainage of abscess

Nursing, anti-pyretics, soft food

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17
Q

What are the most common complications of strangles?

A

GP empyema and chondroids

Abdominal abcesses

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18
Q

How are abdominal abscesses in strangles cases diagnosed?

A

US

Rectal

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19
Q

How are abdominal abscesses in strangles cases treated?

A

Long term ABs

Penicillin/TM/Rifampin

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20
Q

How are GP empyema/chondroids diagnosed and treated?

A

Endoscopy/Rads
Drainage via pharyngeal openings
Surgical drainage
ABs

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21
Q

How are carriers of strangles treated?

A 
Endoscopic GP lavage
Topical AB (benzylpenicillin) in GP
Repeat lavage and PCR 2 weeks later
22
Q

How are strangles outbreaks managed?

A

Isolate premise
Isolate horses until 4 weeks after signs
No sharing of staff/equipment with infected horses
Detect and treat asympomatic carriers

23
Q

What methods of disinfectants are used in the management of strangles?

A

Phenolics for equipment

Iodophores or chlorhex for staff

24
Q

Is vaccination against strangles available?

A

Yes

25
Q

What are the DDx for strangles in foals and weanlings?

A

Rhodococcus equi

Parascaris equorum

26
Q

How is R equi transmitted?

A

Inhalation of soil/faeces

27
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of Rhooccus equi pneumona

A

Inhalation of contaminated dust => destruction of alveolar macrophages => pyogranulomatous response => bronchopneumonia with widespread abcesses

28
Q

What age horses does R equi affect?

A

Foals 1-6m

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of R equi pneumonia?

A

Anorexia, depression, pyrexic
Dyspnoea, tachypnoea
Cough

30
Q

How is R equi pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Increased fibrin and neutrophils
Tracheal wash
US, radiographs
PME

31
Q

What other systems is commonly affected by R equi other than resp?

A

GIT

32
Q

What pathology can occur with intestinal R equi?

A

Ulcerative enterocolitis
Mesenteric lympadenitis
Abscess formation
Peritonitis

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of R equi intestinal form?

A

Depression, pyrexic
Diarrhoea
Colic
Weight loss, poor growth

34
Q

How is intestinal R equi diagnosed?

A

Hx and CS
Increased neutrophils, fibrin, thrombosis
PME

35
Q

How is R equi treated?

A

Clarithromycin or axthromycin AND rifampin

Treat until radiographic resolution of lesions and CBC and fibrinogen are normal
4-12 weeks

36
Q

How is R equi prevented with management?

A 
Increased ventilation, dust free
Avoid dirty pasture and overcrowding
Rotate pasture to avoid grass destruction
Collect manure
Isolate sick foals
37
Q

How is R equi prevent by drugs?

A

Prophylatic hyperimmune plasma transfusion

38
Q

Is a vaccination available for R equi?

A

No

39
Q

How is parascaris equorum diagnosed and treated?

A

Faecal egg count

Anthelmintics

40
Q

What are the DDx for strangles in adults?

A

EVA

Equine rhinitis virus

41
Q

What kind of virus is EVA?

A

RNA arterivirus (NOTIFIABLE)

42
Q

How is EVA transmitted?

A

Venereal from stallions
Contact with aborted foetus
Direct contact with resp droplets

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of EVA?

A 
No signs
Pyrexia, anorexia
Oedema
Lacrimation, conjuctivitis
Nasal discharge
Coughing
Abortions, stillbirth
44
Q

How is EVA diagnosed?

A

PCR of blood/nasal swabs/semen

45
Q

How is EVA treated?

A

Symptomatic only

46
Q

Is there a vaccination for EVA?

A

Yes - aterivac

Requires pre vaccination blood test to prove non-carrier status

47
Q

What should be done after a positive EVA test result?

A 
Notifiable
Stop all breeding
Isolate and treat case
Screen all horses on premise
Test semen from all stallions
Clean and disinfect
Monitor semen +ve stallions for persistence and shedding
48
Q

What is EIPH?

A

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

49
Q

Why does EIPH occur in the caudodorsal lung lobes?

A

Higher blood flow
Displacement of diaphragm causes lower alveolar pressure
Greatest mechanical forces in lungs

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of EIPH?

A 
No signs
Poor performance
Sudden exercise limitation
Epistaxis
Atrial fibrillation
51
Q

How is EIPH diagnosed?

A

Endoscopy
BAL
Radiography

52
Q

How is EIPH treated?

A

Alter training to reduce episodes
Dust free environment
Furosemide
Vasodilators

Respiratory (16 decks)

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