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Respiratory > Respiratory Disease of Cattle > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease of Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What do lungs with bovine respiratory disease look like?

A

Dark red and congested in the cranio-ventral area

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2
Q

What factors make up the susceptibility triangle?

A

Host
Environment
Pathogen

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3
Q

What environmental factors influence the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease?

A 
Housing
Ventilation
Stocking density
Mixing of livestock from other farms
Sharing air spaces with other age groups
Changes in weather
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4
Q

What calf factors influence the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease?

A 
Colostrum
Mixing of livestock
Transport
Homebred vs purchase
Nutrition
Standard husbandry
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5
Q

Describe enzootic pneumonia in calves…

A

Affects grouped calves
See reduced feed intake
Dullness
Coughing often first sign noticed

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6
Q

What should you do when you first approach a pneumonia case in cattle?

A 
Stand and watch
Take history at same time
Listen for coughing
Count RR
- 20-40/min calves
- 10-30/min adults
Assess air quality
Look at ventilation
Stocking density
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7
Q

What should you include in an individual examination when appraoching a cattle pneumonia case?

A 
Temperature (>39.5)
Respiration (>40/min)
Auscultate lung lobes and trachea
Ocular-nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis
Gently pinch trachea
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8
Q

Pathogenesis of enzootic pneumonia in calves…

A
  1. Primary pathogen
    - Virus or mycoplasma damages resp tract
  2. Allows for secondary infection causing more substantial damage
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9
Q

What primary pathogen cause enzootic pneumonia?

A 
Parainfluenza virus 3
BRSV
Coronavirus
BVDv
Mycoplasma spp.
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10
Q

Which bacteria are important in causing secondary infections with calve enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mannheimia haemolytic
Pasteurella multocida
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Histophilus somni

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11
Q

How can you treat enzootic pneumonia in calves?

A

Antibiotics
NSAIDs
Treat anything with a temp >39.5
Metaphylaxis if over 25% group affected

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12
Q

Describe follow up visit following treatment for enzootic pneumonia…

A

Revisit 24-48hrs
Asses temp and group again
Follow up treatment

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13
Q

How can you identify the pathogens responsible for calf enzootic pneumonia?

A 
Difficult!
Sample calves early stages of disease
PM dead calves
Transtracheal wash
BAL
Nasopharyngeal swab
Serology
Faecal exam
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14
Q

Describe how a BAL is used to identify pathogens in calves…

A

Pass thin tube via nostril into trachea
Flash in sterile saline
Immediately withdraw
Send sample to lab (APHA)

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15
Q

Describe paired serology in calf pneumonia….

A

Identifying viral infections
Take 2 clotted blood samples 14-21 days apart
Demonstrate rise in antibody titre to virus agent
Slow wait for results

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16
Q

How can you prevent another outbreak of bovine respiratory disease?

A 
Adequate hygiene/ventilation
Colostrum management
Care when buying in
Care when mixing animals
Consider vaccination
17
Q

What pathogen causes IBR?

A

Bovine herpesvirus-1

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of IBR?

A 
Respiratory disease
- Pyrexia
- Conjunctivitis
- Coughing
- Tracheitis
- Nasal discharge
Encephalitis
Reproductive failure
Abortion
Latent infection
19
Q

Describe latency of IBR…

A

BHV-1 becomes latent
Resides in trigeminal ganglion
Recrudesces and starts shedding again after stress
May be sero-negative despite latent infection

20
Q

How do you control IBR?

A
  1. Know you status
  2. Biosecurity
  3. Vaccination
  4. Eradication
21
Q

How can you identify the IBR status of a herd?

A

Dairy = check bulk milk tank antibody titre
Beef = sample cohort of animals
Monitor abortions

22
Q

Describe IBR vaccination…

A

Give vaccine before natural exposure = prevent respiratory disease and abortion
Live attenuated vs dead
IM vs IN
Conventional vs marker

23
Q

Advantages of live IBR vaccine…

A

Induces rapid immunity (40-90hrs)
Single dose
Young animals may need 2

24
Q

Advantages of intranasal IBR vaccine..

A

Local immunity
Local secretory IgA and interferon
Rapid immunity (48hrs)
Must enter nasal cavity

25
Q

Describe marker vaccines for IBR…

A

Distinguishes between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA)

Marker vaccines only has gB antigens so if animal is gE negative = never encountered the virus

26
Q

Non-infectious causes of calf pneumonia?

A

Aspiration

Calf diptheria

27
Q

Describe calf diptheria

  1. Signs
  2. Causes
  3. Treatment
A 
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Signs:
Necrotic laryngitis
Oral lesions
Foul breath
Swollen cheeks

Causes:
Food trapped between teeth and buccal mucosa
Stomach tubing damaging mouth
Sharp teeth

Treatment:
AB
Tracheostomty

28
Q

Causes of BRD in older calves (up to 2 years)

A

Shipping fever

29
Q

What stress factors can induce shipping fever?

A 
Transport 
Handling
Mixing of animals
Sourcing from market
Change in diet
Quality of housing
Air quality
Change in climate
30
Q

Describe shipping fever…

A 
Seen 10-30days after transport
Sudden onset
Pyrexia, depressed appetite, increased RR, cough, noise, grunting
Found dead
Severe and acute bronchopneumonia
Severe welfare problem
Economic loss with reduced growth
31
Q

What pathogens cause shipping fever?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Various others

32
Q

Describe vaccination for shipping fever…

A

Highly effective

Efficacy may be avoided by maternally derived antibodies

33
Q

Describe fog fever

A

Cattle over 2 years
Within 2 weeks of moving to lush autumn pastures
Up to 50% groups affected
Commonly fatal and difficult to treat

34
Q

Pathogenesis of Fog Fever…

A
  1. L-Tryptophan in grass
  2. Indole Acetic Acid in the rumen
  3. Converted to 3-meythl indole which is toxic to lungs
35
Q

Clinical signs of fog fever…

A

Sudden onset
Affects groups
Severe resp distress
Froth at mouth
Get distressed or die when attempt to move
Subcutaneous emphysema over back and thorax

36
Q

Treatment of fog fever…

A

Removed from pastures
Symptomatic - NSAIDs, diuretics, steroids?
Guarded prognosis

37
Q

How can you prevent fog fever?

A

Restrict access to lush pasture
Strip grazing
Feed hay before and during initial period of new grazing pasture
Avoid over fertilising pasture

38
Q

Describe bovine farmers lung

A

Hypersensitivity following inhalation of allergens from moulds
House cattle with poor ventilation
Acute = mouth breathing, coughing, drop in milk yield
Chronic = weight loss and coughing
Sometimes farmer has sam symptoms!

Respiratory (16 decks)

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