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Respiratory > Coughing in Small Animals > Flashcards

Coughing in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an acute and a chronic cough?

A

Acute coughing has a sudden onset and does not persist for more than 2-3 weeks

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2
Q

What are the differentials for acute coughing in small animals?

A 
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Airway irritation
Foreign body
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Acute pneumonia
Acute oedema
Airway trauma
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3
Q

What are the differential diagnosis for chronic coughing in small animals?

A 
Chronic bronchitis
Cardiac disease
Parasites
Tracheal collapse
Foreign body
Bronchopneumonia
Pulmonary neoplasia
Extraluminal neoplasia
Eosinophillic disease (PIE, FAAD)
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pleural disease
Ciliary dyskinesia
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4
Q

What is chronic bronchitis? How is it characterised?

A 
A clinical symptom
Chronic irritation to bronchial mucosa
Mucosal hyperplasia
Increased mucous production
Decreased efficacy of resp defence mechanisms
Inflammatory or secondary infection
Bronchospasm
Chronic cough
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5
Q

What is the signalment or history for chronic bronchitis?

A

Typically old, small breed, overweight dogs
Insidious onset, dry hacking cough
Rarely a history of known precipitating cause
Cough paroxysmal and usually unproductive
Exacerbated by excitement or exercise

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6
Q

What would you find on clinical exam on an animal with chronic bronchitis?

A

Dog usually otherwise well
Often overweight
Increased bronchial noise or wheeze on auscultation
Cough easily elicited on tracheal pinch
Sinus arrhythmia and absence of murmur rule out cardiac

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7
Q

How do you diagnose chronic bronchitis?

A

Diagnosis by exclusion

  • Blood normal
  • Radiography (increased bronchial markings)
  • Endoscopy (irregular airways and mucous hypersecretion)
  • Tracheobronchial wash (chronic inflam +/- positive culture)
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8
Q

What management changes should you make to manage a chronic bronchitis case?

A 
Clean environment (smoke, dust)
Humidification
Diet 
Exercise regime (regular short walks)
Avoid pressure on neck (harness over collar)
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9
Q

What drug therapy could you use to manage chronic bronchitis?

A 
Bronchodilators
AB agents 
Expectorant or mucolytics
Cough suppressants
Anti-inflammatories
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10
Q

What are the potential side effects of:

  1. Bronchodilators
  2. Expectorants
  3. Corticosteroids
  4. Cough suppressants
A
  1. Tachycardia and excitable
  2. Increase in productiveness of cough
  3. Iatrogenic HAC signs
  4. Trapping of airway secretions and sedation
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11
Q

Describe the prognosis of chronic bronchitis…

A

Realistic aim of therapy is to reduce or minimise the frequency of cough

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of persistent coughing in cats?

A

Feline asthma
or FAAD
‘Feline Allergic Airway Disease’

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13
Q

What is FAAD?

A

Feline Allergic Airway Disease
Antigenic stimulus results in inflammation , mucous and bronchoconstriction

Airway hyperreactivity smooth muscle hyperplasia and airway narrowing results

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14
Q

What is the history of a cat with FAAD?

A

Intermittent dyspnoea and coughing
Can have acute and life threatening bouts
Rarely identifiable stimulus

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15
Q

What would you find on physical exam of a cat with FAAD?

A

May be normal between bouts
May have increased resp effort
Audible wheezes on expiration
Hyperinflation of the lung

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16
Q

How is FAAD diagnosed?

A 
Blood tests may reveal eosinophilia
Radiography 
- Bronchial pattern
- Hyperinflated lung
Tracheal wash 
- Inflammatory population of cells predominately eosinophils
-r/o parasites and secondary bacterial
17
Q

How would you treat a cat with FAAD in an emergency?

A

Oxygen
Rapidly acting corticosteroids e.g. methylprednisolone succinate
Bronchodilator

18
Q

How do you manage a cat with FAAD?

A

Corticosteroids - tapered
Bronchodilators - terbutaline
Other methods of inflammatory control

19
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with feline allergic airway disease?

A

Variable
Some cats stabilise with therapy
Some cases will die acutely

20
Q

What is aelurostrongylus?

A

Feline lungworm that occasionally results in clinical signs causing alveolar or interstitial disease

21
Q

How do you treat aelurostrongylus?

A

Prolonged course of fenbendazole is required

22
Q

What parasites can affect the respiratory tract of the dog?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum
Filaroides (Oslerus) Osleri
Dirolaria

23
Q

What history would indicated a lungworm case?

A

Chronic cough unresponsive to conventional therapy
Coagulopathy
Dyspnoea or wheezing
Haemoptysis

24
Q

How would you diagnose a case of lungworm in smallies?

A

Haemtology - Eosinophilia
Faecal examination
Radiography (bronchoalveolar infiltration, nodular interstitial pattern, pulmonary hypertension)
Bronchoscopy

25
Q

How would you treat lungworm in small animals?

A

7 days fenbendazole

Milbemycin and Moxidectin licenced

26
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of tracheal collapse…

A

Loss of normal structure of tracheal rings
Dorsal ligament stretches and trachea loses cylindrical structure
Dynamic variation in tracheal diameter
Cervical trachea collapses on inspiration
Thoracic collapses on expiration

27
Q

What history may indicate an animal with primary pulmonary neoplasia?

A 
May be no clinical signs
Some found on radiography
Often signs of cough due to airway involvement
Signs of haemoptysis
Weight loss
28
Q

What physical exam findings may indicated a primary pulmonary neoplasia?

A 
May be none!
May be assymetrical findings
- Movement of apex beat
- Unilateral decrease in resonance
- Unilateral increase resp noise
29
Q

How may you diagnose pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophils (PIE) in a dog?

A

Eosinophilia
Radiographic evidence of bronchial or alveolar pattern
Bronchoscopy - increase mucous
Airway washes reveal population of eosinophils

30
Q

What are you likely to find on clinical exam of an animal with a respiratory foreign body?

A

Often fairly normal
May be pyrexic
Localised increase in respiratory noise
May have focal area of dullness on percussion

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of a foreign body?

A

Clinical signs of cough +/- focal pneumonia

32
Q

How would you diagnose a resp FB?

A

Radiography

Endoscopy

Respiratory (16 decks)

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