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Respiratory > Signs of Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Signs of Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system defend against?

A

Inhaled - e.g. dust

Infectious - e.eg bacteria, mycoplasma

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2
Q

Outline the respiratory system defence mechanisms…

A 
Airway smooth muscle tone
Mucous production a mucocillary clearance 
Coughing
Resident cells
Infiltration cells
Mediators
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3
Q

How does airway smooth muscle tone act as a respiratory defence mechanism?

A

Bronchoconstriction or dilation

Mediated by neural mechanisms, hormones or mediators

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4
Q

Describe the neural control of smooth muscle tone in the respiratory system…

A

Parasympathetic
- ACh acts on M1 and M3 receptors to cause contraction
Adrenal medulla
- Epinephrine acts on B2 receptors to cause relaxation

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5
Q

Describe how drugs target neural control of smooth muscle tone in the respiratory system…

A

Bronchodilators
Antagonise ACh receptors
Beta 2 agonists

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6
Q

Describe the cough reflex…

A
  1. Irritant receptors in receptors in resp tract
  2. Signal via vagus nerve
  3. To cough centre in brainstem
  4. Efferent motor side: vagus, phrenic, intercostal, lumbar, trigeminal, facial, hypoglossal
  5. Cough
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7
Q

How is the cough reflex switched off?

A

Opiod recepto agonists

- Butorphenol

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8
Q

Describe the resident cells that act as respiratory defence mechanisms…

A

Alveolar macrophages - phagocytosis foreign particles
Mast cells - release mediators
Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Which immunoglobins acts as a respiratory defence mechanism? How?

A

IgA - Involved in upper airways - inhibits adherence of bacteria to epithelium and binds and neutralises foreign particles

IgG - Involved in lower airway - binds and neutralises foreign particles and activate complement cascase

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10
Q

What are the infiltrating cells that act as respiratory defence mechanisms?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
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11
Q

What are the roles of mediators as respiratory defence mechanisms?

A 
Physiological role in host defence
- Airway smooth muscle tone
- Blood flow and vascular permeability
- Cell accumulation and activation
- Mucus production
- Neural reflex mechanisms
- Antibacterial activity
In excess damage host tissue
Affected by anti-inflammatory drugs
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12
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of respiratory disease?

A 
Cough and bronchoconstriction
Sneezing
Tachypnoea and hyperpnoea
Respiratory distress
Nasal discharge, epistaxis, haemoptysis 
Cyanosis
Abnormal respiratory noise (stertor/stridor)
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13
Q

What is a cough? Why is it useful?

A

Sudden noisy expulsion of air through the glottis to clear mucous and other material from the larger airways. It facilitates removal of noxious substances

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14
Q

What are the stimuli for coughing?

A 
Bronchoconstriction
Excessive mucous
Inhaled particles
Cold or hot air
Intramural or extramural pressure
Epithelial sloughing
Epithelial permeability
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15
Q

How can the character of a cough give you an idea of where the disease is occurring?

A

Upper airway = harsh, loud, non-productive
Lower airway = soft muted, productive
Painful conditions = muted cough
Guideline - never 100%

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16
Q

How can you tell if a cough is productive in an animal?

A

Look to see if the animal is swallowing after coughing.

17
Q

How does sneezing occur?

A

Superficial reflex that originated in mucous membranes of nasal cavity easily induced by chemical or mechanical stimuli and always involving the upper respiratory tract

18
Q

What can sneezing be a sign of?

A

Nasal disorders or can be secondary to more distal disorders

19
Q

What is hyperpnoea/

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing

20
Q

What is the normal breathing rate for:

  1. Horse
  2. Cow, sheep, pigs
  3. Goats
  4. Neonates (foal/calf)
  5. Dog
  6. Cat
  7. Rabbit
A
  1. 8-20
  2. 10-30
  3. 25-35
  4. 20-40
  5. 10-30
  6. 24-42
  7. 30-60
21
Q

What are the causes of tachypnoea and hyperpnoea?

A

Physiological
- Pain, exertion, heat, anxiety

Pathologcial

  • Response to high CO2, low pH or O2
  • Compensation for metabolic acidosis
  • Damaged CNS
  • Pain
22
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A 
Respiratory distress
Clinical signs of laboured breathing
- Abnormal rate, rhythm and character
- Nostril flaring
- Exaggerated abdominal effort, abduced elbows
23
Q

What is dyspnoea and respiratory distress often accompanied by?

A

Extended head and neck

Mouth breathing

24
Q

What are the causes of inspiratory distress?

A
  • Extrathoracic non-fixed airway obstruction
    e. g. upper airway obstruction including larygneal hemiplegia and soft palate disorders
  • Restrictive diseases
    e. g. limit lung expansion (pleural disease)
25
Q

What are the causes of expiratory distress?

A

Intrathoracic airway obstruction

e.g. equine asthma, tracheal collpase

26
Q

What may you see in a chronic severe case of expiratory distress?

A

Hypertrophy of abdominal muscle

27
Q

What causes inspiratory and expiratory distress?

A

Extrathroacic fixed obstructions

e.g. intraluminal mass or foreign body

28
Q

What is orthopnoea?

A

Difficulty breathing while recumbent

  • Pleural fluid accumulation
  • Neonates ribs compress underlying lung
  • Diaphragmatic hernia
  • Congestive heart failure
29
Q

What are the different types of nasal discharge?

A 
Serous
Mucoid
Purulent
Sanginous
Combination
30
Q

What does nasal discharge indicate based on whether it is uni/bilateral?

A

Unilateral - originates in structures rostral to caudal end of nasal septum

Bilateral - Caudal structures/bilaterally affected rostral structure

31
Q

What does foul odour nasal discharge indicate?

A

Anaerobic infections
Necrotizing conditions
Connection to oral cavity

32
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Presence of blood in external nares

33
Q

What is haemoptysis?

A

Presence of blood in sputum

34
Q

What can cause epistaxis/haemoptysis?

A

Trauma
Coagulopathies
Vasculitis
Erosive or invasive conditions

35
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Bluish discolouration of skin, conjunctiva and mms.

36
Q

When is cyanosis evident?

A

If Hb is normal or near noraml (not with anaemia)

37
Q

What are the different types of cyanosis? Give examples of each

A

Pulmonary
e.g. V/G mismatch alveolar hypoventilation, shunting, diffusion impairment
Cardiac
e.g. shunting
Acquired
e.g. reducing chemicals such as acetaminophen, nitrates, red maple leaf

38
Q

What is respiratory stridor?

A

Abnormal intense respiratory noise heard without a stethoscope

39
Q

What are the causes of respiratory stridor?

A

Fixed or dynamic obstructions e.g. laryngeal paralysis, stenotic nares, nasal masses, brachys

Respiratory (16 decks)

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