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Respiratory > Pathology and Microbiology of Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Pathology and Microbiology of Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the normal bacterial flora of the LRT?

A

None - sterile

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2
Q

Give 2 examples of viral infections of the URT that may spread causing bronchitis…

A

Influenze (horses, pigs, dogs)

BRSV

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3
Q

List the 7 commonest bacterial causes of respiratory disease in small animals…

A 
Bordetella
Pasteurella
Beta-haemolytic streptococci
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Chlamydophila
Mycoplasmas
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4
Q

Give the 4 species of Bordetella

A

B. bronchiseptica
B. pertussis (whooping cough in humans)
B. parapertussis (humans, sheep)
B. avium (coryza in turkeys)

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5
Q

Describe Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Strict aerobe
Gram -ve rod
Slow-growing (48hr)
Normal inhabitant of the URT

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6
Q

With which diseases is Bordetella bronchiseptica associated?

A

Tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)

Bronchopneumonia following distemper

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7
Q

Describe the vaccination for Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Intranasal live strain

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8
Q

Is Bordetella infection more common in cats or dogs?

A

Dogs

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9
Q

Is pasteurella infection more common in cats or dogs?

A

Cats

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10
Q

Outline the pathogenesis and pathology of Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Initial trauma (viral infection)
Adhesion to epithelium of trachea
Proliferation and release of toxins leads to irritation and coughing
Epithelial necrosis
Bronchopneumonia
Severe pneumonia due to secondary infections (streps)

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11
Q

Outline the main pathogenicity factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica…

A

Adherence to resp ciliated epithelium
Fimbrae
Toxins

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12
Q

Describe Pasteurella multocida

A

Grame negative rod
Oxidase positive
No growth on MacConkey

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13
Q

Describe Pasteurella multocida colonies

A

Large
Grey
Mucoid
Strong catarrhal smell

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14
Q

With what lesions is Pasteurella multocida commonly associated with and why?

A

Bite wounds - normal oral bacteria

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15
Q

Is vaccination available for pasteurella multocida?

A

No

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16
Q

Outline the pathology of Pasteurella multocida in dogs and cats

A

Severe suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis (pyothorax)
Bits and other infected wounds
Often part of mixed infections

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17
Q

What is the cause of snuffles in rabbits?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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18
Q

Describe snuffles in rabbits…

A

Chronic nasal discharge and sneezing
Sometimes fatal
Ciliotrophic colonisation

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19
Q

Describe the presence of Pasteurella multocida in rabbit colonies

A

Enzootic, often without disease
Easily transitted
Difficult to eradicate

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20
Q

Why might snuffles cause a head tilt in rabbits?

A

Pasteurella multocida colonising cilia of the inner ear

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21
Q

How is Pasteurella multocida controlled?

A

Long-term antibiotics

Enrofloxacin

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22
Q

Describe Actinomyces viscosus

A

Gram +ve aerobe
Filamentous and branching
Canine oral commensal

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23
Q

Describe an Actinomyces viscosus infection

A

Granulomatous thoracic infection in dogs

Localised granulomatous abscesses of the skin

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24
Q

Describe Nocardia

A

Soil bacteria
Gram +ve rod
Thin, short filaments
Partially acid-fast

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25
Q

Which cells does Nocardia infect and destroy?

A

Macrophages

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26
Q

Describe a Nocardia infection…

A

Chronic, progressive, supparating thoracic granulomas

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27
Q

Describe treatment of Nocardia

A

Prolonged use of TMPS, tetracyclines and ampicillin

Resistent to penicillin

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28
Q

Describe the pathology of nocardiosis

A

Copious red-brown exudate in pleural cavity
Sulfur granules
Adhesion formation if chronic

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29
Q

What is in a sulfur granule?

A

Bacteria
Inflammatory cells
Complement

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30
Q

Describe Chlamydophilia felis

A

Intracellular Gram -ve rod

No growth on labratory medium

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31
Q

In what species is Chlamydophilia felis found in?

A

Cats

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32
Q

Describe the pathology of Chlamydophillia felis

A

Conjunctivits and nasal discharge

Progresses to interstitial pneumonia

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33
Q

How can Chlamydophilia felis be identified?

A

ELISA for antigen
PCR
Koster’s stain

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34
Q

What is the cause of canine nasal aspergillosis?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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35
Q

How can you treat canine nasal aspergillosis?

A

Surgical delivery of atnifungal

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36
Q

How can you diagnose canine nasal aspergillosis?

A 
Radiology
Endoscopy
Serology
Culture
Microscopy
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37
Q

Where does Aspergillus fumigatus get it’s name?

A

Smoke-like appearance spores

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38
Q

Outline the pathology of nasal aspergillosis…

A

Nasal turbinates progressively destroyed by chronic granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation
Yellow-green mycotic exudate
Uni or bilateral

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39
Q

Describe the growth patter of Aspergillus in the nasal cavity…

A

Grows towards the blood vessels

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40
Q

Which dogs are most susceptible to aspergillosis?

A

Dolichocephalic

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41
Q

What is stained by periodic acid shift stain?

A

Cell walls of fungal hyphae

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42
Q

Give 3 common viral causes of respiratory disease in cattle and cheep

A

Bovine herpesvirus
BRSV
PI3

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43
Q

Give 7 common bacterial causes of respiratory disease in cattle and sheep…

A 
Mannheimia haemalytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Actinomyces
Actinobacillus
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44
Q

Give 5 factors predisposing animals to complex respiratory disease…

A 
Crowding
Viruses
Bacteria
Stress
Poor ventilation
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45
Q

What is canine complex respiratory disease commonly known as?

A

Kennel cough

46
Q

What is bovine complex respiratory disease commonly known as?

A

Enzootic pneumonia

Shipping fever

47
Q

List 6 common components of bovine complex respiratory disease

A 
Bovine parainfluenza virus (PI3)
Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Bovine herpes virus (IBR)
Mycoplasma bovis
Pasteurella multocida
Mannheimia haemolytica
48
Q

What does bovine herpesvirus cause?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

49
Q

What is the key diagnostic tool for bovine herpresvirus?

A

Intranuclear inclusion bodies

50
Q

What family does bovine respiratory syncytial virus belong to?

A

Paramyxoviridae

51
Q

What is caused by BRSV?

A

URT infections
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis

52
Q

What family does bovine parainfluenza virus belong to?

A

Paramyxoviridae

53
Q

What is caused by PI3?

A

URT infections

54
Q

Describe Mannheimia haemolytica…

A 
G-ve rod
Oxidase +ve
Grows weekly on MacConkey
Beta-haemolytic
Commensal in ruminant nasopharynx
55
Q

Name the 2 biotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica

A

Biotype A

Biotype T

56
Q

What is required for Mannhaemia haemolytica to cause disease?

A

Predisposing injury

57
Q

Describe pasteurellosis in lambs less than 3 months..

A

Septicaemia
Severe pleuritis
Pericarditis

58
Q

Describe vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytic in cows…

A

Natural protection associated with antibodies to leukotoxin and capsular polysaccharide
Bacterins - not effective
Leukotoxin - not effective
Antibodies to outermembrane proteins to restrict iron effective

59
Q

What does Pasteurella trehalosii cause?

A

Acute/peracute septicaemia in older lambs (5-12 months)

60
Q

What is a bacterin vaccine?

A

Whole killed organism

61
Q

Where is Histophilus smoni found?

A

Normal commensal in genital tract

Transient in URT

62
Q

What does Histophilus somni ause?

A

Peracute death in young calves

  • Acute thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Myocarditis
63
Q

Describe Mycobacterium

A 
Gram +ve
Acid-fast
Atypical mycobacterial 
Strict aerobes
Slow-growing
64
Q

Describe bovine TB

A

Chronic
Fatal
Pneumonia and wasting

65
Q

How is bovine TB controlled?

A

Test and slaughter

66
Q

Where is bovine TB most common?

A

Intensive dairy farms

67
Q

How is bovine TB transmitted?

A

Shedding into environment via faeces, urine and milk

68
Q

How is bovine TB diagnosed?

A

Skin test (Type 4 hypersens influx of lymphocytes and oedema fluid)

69
Q

Describe the pathology of bovine TB

A

Granulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis

70
Q

What is the smallest living bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma

71
Q

How do Mycoplasma evade the host immune system?

A

Acquire host antigens via molecular mimicry

72
Q

Why is Mycoplasma not susceptible to B-lactams?

A

No cell wall

73
Q

Describe the gross pathology of Mycoplasma pneumonia in calves….

A

Progressive cranioventral consolidation
Mixed cellular exudate in main aiways
Lymphoid nodules and follicles in airways
Partial alveolar collapse

74
Q

How is Mycoplasma transmitted?

A

Aerosol

Close-contact

75
Q

What is contagious pleuropneumonia caused by?

A

Mycoplasma mycoides

76
Q

Describe the pathology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia…

A

Fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis

77
Q

List the Mycoplasma of sheep and goats

A

M. ovipneumoniae
M. carpicolum
M. mycoides capri

78
Q

List the respiratory viruses of sheep..

A

PI3
RSV
Adenoviruses (ovine and bovine)

79
Q

Describe the clinical signs of farmer’s lung..

A

Coughing
Weight loss
Increased RR
Decreased milk yield

80
Q

List the main bacteria involved in equine respiratory disease

A

Streptococcus equi equi
Rhodococcus
Actinobacillus
Mycoplasma

81
Q

List the main viruses involved in equine respiratory disease

A

Equine influenza virus

Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4

82
Q

Describe Rhodococcus equi

A

Gram +ve rod
Variable acid-fast
Naturally present in soil and horse intestines

83
Q

Describe the pathology of Rhodococcus equi in foals

A

Chronic supparative bronchopneumonia
Foci of caseous necrosis in lungs
Lesions extrensive before clinical signs

84
Q

What is the mortality rate of Rhodococcus equi in foals?

A

40-80%

85
Q

Describe the immunity of Rhodococcus equi in adult horses

A

Immune

86
Q

In which horses foes Actinobacillus most commonly cause disease?

A

Adult thoroughbreds

87
Q

Give the subtypes of equine influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease

A

H7N7

H3N8

88
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine influenza virus?

A 
URT infection
May spread lower
Cough
Pyrexia
Depression
Secondary infections (streps, staphs, kleb)
89
Q

What is caused by EHV-1?

A

Respiratory disease
Abortion
Paresis

90
Q

What is caused by EHV-4?

A

Respiratory disease

Abortion (rarely)

91
Q

What is caused by EHV-5?

A

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis

92
Q

What is the cause of gutteral pouch mycosis?

A

Aspergillus nidulans

93
Q

How is equine gutteral pouch mycosis diagnosed?

A 
Endoscopy
Radiology
Serology
Culture
Microscopy
94
Q

How is equine gutteral pouch mycosis treated?

A

Local delivery of antifungals
Ligation of carotid artery
Systemic azole antifungal

95
Q

List the main bacterial causes of respiratory disease in pigs

A 
Bordetella
Pasteurella
Actinobacillus
Haemophilus
Mycoplasma
96
Q

What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis?

A

Combination of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida

97
Q

What aspects of atrophic rhinitis are due to Bordetella bronchiseptica?

A

Turbinate atrophy

98
Q

What aspect of atrophic rhinitis are due to Pasteurella multocida?

A

Turbinate bone resorption

99
Q

What is the cause of contagious pleuropneumonia in pigs?

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

100
Q

Describe contagious pleuropneumoniae in pigs…

A

Acute/chronic fibrinohaemorrhagic pneumonia with pleurisy

101
Q

Describe the distribution of contagious pleuropneumoniae within the lungs of pigs…

A

Throughout all lung lobes

102
Q

Describe Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Gram-ve
Waxy-sticky colonies
NAD-dependent (grows on chocolate agar)

103
Q

What is caused by Actinobacillus suis?

A

Pleuropneumonia-like disease

104
Q

What is Glasser’s disease?

A

Polyserositis (fibrinous exudate) caused by Haemophilus parasuis

105
Q

What causes Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

106
Q

Outline the pathology for Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis)

A

Suppurative bronchopnuemonia
Polyserositis (pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis)
High mortality in young animals

107
Q

Give the predisposing factors for Glasser’s disease…

A

Stress

108
Q

What does Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae causes?

A

Enzootic pneumonia in young, growing pigs

109
Q

How is Mycoplasmia hyopneumoniae transmitted?

A

Aerosol

110
Q

Describe enzootic pneumonia in pigs..

A 
Caused by Mycoplasma hypopnuemoniae
Chronic
Non-fatal
Reduced growth rates
Coughing
Often seen at slaughter
111
Q

Describe the gross appearance of enzootic pneumonia..

A

Cranioventral consolidation of lung with red/grey discolouration

112
Q

How can you diagnose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?

A

Competition ELISA

Respiratory (16 decks)

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