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Respiratory > Pathology and Microbiology of Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Pathology and Microbiology of Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the normal bacterial flora of the LRT?

A

None - sterile

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2
Q

Give 2 examples of viral infections of the URT that may spread causing bronchitis…

A

Influenze (horses, pigs, dogs)

BRSV

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3
Q

List the 7 commonest bacterial causes of respiratory disease in small animals…

A 
Bordetella
Pasteurella
Beta-haemolytic streptococci
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Chlamydophila
Mycoplasmas
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4
Q

Give the 4 species of Bordetella

A

B. bronchiseptica
B. pertussis (whooping cough in humans)
B. parapertussis (humans, sheep)
B. avium (coryza in turkeys)

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5
Q

Describe Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Strict aerobe
Gram -ve rod
Slow-growing (48hr)
Normal inhabitant of the URT

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6
Q

With which diseases is Bordetella bronchiseptica associated?

A

Tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)

Bronchopneumonia following distemper

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7
Q

Describe the vaccination for Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Intranasal live strain

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8
Q

Is Bordetella infection more common in cats or dogs?

A

Dogs

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9
Q

Is pasteurella infection more common in cats or dogs?

A

Cats

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10
Q

Outline the pathogenesis and pathology of Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Initial trauma (viral infection)
Adhesion to epithelium of trachea
Proliferation and release of toxins leads to irritation and coughing
Epithelial necrosis
Bronchopneumonia
Severe pneumonia due to secondary infections (streps)

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11
Q

Outline the main pathogenicity factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica…

A

Adherence to resp ciliated epithelium
Fimbrae
Toxins

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12
Q

Describe Pasteurella multocida

A

Grame negative rod
Oxidase positive
No growth on MacConkey

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13
Q

Describe Pasteurella multocida colonies

A

Large
Grey
Mucoid
Strong catarrhal smell

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14
Q

With what lesions is Pasteurella multocida commonly associated with and why?

A

Bite wounds - normal oral bacteria

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15
Q

Is vaccination available for pasteurella multocida?

A

No

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16
Q

Outline the pathology of Pasteurella multocida in dogs and cats

A

Severe suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis (pyothorax)
Bits and other infected wounds
Often part of mixed infections

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17
Q

What is the cause of snuffles in rabbits?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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18
Q

Describe snuffles in rabbits…

A

Chronic nasal discharge and sneezing
Sometimes fatal
Ciliotrophic colonisation

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19
Q

Describe the presence of Pasteurella multocida in rabbit colonies

A

Enzootic, often without disease
Easily transitted
Difficult to eradicate

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20
Q

Why might snuffles cause a head tilt in rabbits?

A

Pasteurella multocida colonising cilia of the inner ear

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21
Q

How is Pasteurella multocida controlled?

A

Long-term antibiotics

Enrofloxacin

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22
Q

Describe Actinomyces viscosus

A

Gram +ve aerobe
Filamentous and branching
Canine oral commensal

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23
Q

Describe an Actinomyces viscosus infection

A

Granulomatous thoracic infection in dogs

Localised granulomatous abscesses of the skin

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24
Q

Describe Nocardia

A

Soil bacteria
Gram +ve rod
Thin, short filaments
Partially acid-fast

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25
Which cells does Nocardia infect and destroy?
Macrophages
26
Describe a Nocardia infection...
Chronic, progressive, supparating thoracic granulomas
27
Describe treatment of Nocardia
Prolonged use of TMPS, tetracyclines and ampicillin | Resistent to penicillin
28
Describe the pathology of nocardiosis
Copious red-brown exudate in pleural cavity Sulfur granules Adhesion formation if chronic
29
What is in a sulfur granule?
Bacteria Inflammatory cells Complement
30
Describe Chlamydophilia felis
Intracellular Gram -ve rod | No growth on labratory medium
31
In what species is Chlamydophilia felis found in?
Cats
32
Describe the pathology of Chlamydophillia felis
Conjunctivits and nasal discharge | Progresses to interstitial pneumonia
33
How can Chlamydophilia felis be identified?
ELISA for antigen PCR Koster's stain
34
What is the cause of canine nasal aspergillosis?
Aspergillus fumigatus
35
How can you treat canine nasal aspergillosis?
Surgical delivery of atnifungal
36
How can you diagnose canine nasal aspergillosis?
``` Radiology Endoscopy Serology Culture Microscopy ```
37
Where does Aspergillus fumigatus get it's name?
Smoke-like appearance spores
38
Outline the pathology of nasal aspergillosis...
Nasal turbinates progressively destroyed by chronic granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation Yellow-green mycotic exudate Uni or bilateral
39
Describe the growth patter of Aspergillus in the nasal cavity...
Grows towards the blood vessels
40
Which dogs are most susceptible to aspergillosis?
Dolichocephalic
41
What is stained by periodic acid shift stain?
Cell walls of fungal hyphae
42
Give 3 common viral causes of respiratory disease in cattle and cheep
Bovine herpesvirus BRSV PI3
43
Give 7 common bacterial causes of respiratory disease in cattle and sheep...
``` Mannheimia haemalytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Actinomyces Actinobacillus ```
44
Give 5 factors predisposing animals to complex respiratory disease...
``` Crowding Viruses Bacteria Stress Poor ventilation ```
45
What is canine complex respiratory disease commonly known as?
Kennel cough
46
What is bovine complex respiratory disease commonly known as?
Enzootic pneumonia | Shipping fever
47
List 6 common components of bovine complex respiratory disease
``` Bovine parainfluenza virus (PI3) Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) Bovine herpes virus (IBR) Mycoplasma bovis Pasteurella multocida Mannheimia haemolytica ```
48
What does bovine herpesvirus cause?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
49
What is the key diagnostic tool for bovine herpresvirus?
Intranuclear inclusion bodies
50
What family does bovine respiratory syncytial virus belong to?
Paramyxoviridae
51
What is caused by BRSV?
URT infections Bronchitis Bronchiolitis
52
What family does bovine parainfluenza virus belong to?
Paramyxoviridae
53
What is caused by PI3?
URT infections
54
Describe Mannheimia haemolytica...
``` G-ve rod Oxidase +ve Grows weekly on MacConkey Beta-haemolytic Commensal in ruminant nasopharynx ```
55
Name the 2 biotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica
Biotype A | Biotype T
56
What is required for Mannhaemia haemolytica to cause disease?
Predisposing injury
57
Describe pasteurellosis in lambs less than 3 months..
Septicaemia Severe pleuritis Pericarditis
58
Describe vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytic in cows...
Natural protection associated with antibodies to leukotoxin and capsular polysaccharide Bacterins - not effective Leukotoxin - not effective Antibodies to outermembrane proteins to restrict iron effective
59
What does Pasteurella trehalosii cause?
Acute/peracute septicaemia in older lambs (5-12 months)
60
What is a bacterin vaccine?
Whole killed organism
61
Where is Histophilus smoni found?
Normal commensal in genital tract | Transient in URT
62
What does Histophilus somni ause?
Peracute death in young calves - Acute thromboembolic meningoencephalitis - Pneumonia - Myocarditis
63
Describe Mycobacterium
``` Gram +ve Acid-fast Atypical mycobacterial Strict aerobes Slow-growing ```
64
Describe bovine TB
Chronic Fatal Pneumonia and wasting
65
How is bovine TB controlled?
Test and slaughter
66
Where is bovine TB most common?
Intensive dairy farms
67
How is bovine TB transmitted?
Shedding into environment via faeces, urine and milk
68
How is bovine TB diagnosed?
Skin test (Type 4 hypersens influx of lymphocytes and oedema fluid)
69
Describe the pathology of bovine TB
Granulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis
70
What is the smallest living bacteria?
Mycoplasma
71
How do Mycoplasma evade the host immune system?
Acquire host antigens via molecular mimicry
72
Why is Mycoplasma not susceptible to B-lactams?
No cell wall
73
Describe the gross pathology of Mycoplasma pneumonia in calves....
Progressive cranioventral consolidation Mixed cellular exudate in main aiways Lymphoid nodules and follicles in airways Partial alveolar collapse
74
How is Mycoplasma transmitted?
Aerosol | Close-contact
75
What is contagious pleuropneumonia caused by?
Mycoplasma mycoides
76
Describe the pathology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia...
Fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis
77
List the Mycoplasma of sheep and goats
M. ovipneumoniae M. carpicolum M. mycoides capri
78
List the respiratory viruses of sheep..
PI3 RSV Adenoviruses (ovine and bovine)
79
Describe the clinical signs of farmer's lung..
Coughing Weight loss Increased RR Decreased milk yield
80
List the main bacteria involved in equine respiratory disease
Streptococcus equi equi Rhodococcus Actinobacillus Mycoplasma
81
List the main viruses involved in equine respiratory disease
Equine influenza virus | Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4
82
Describe Rhodococcus equi
Gram +ve rod Variable acid-fast Naturally present in soil and horse intestines
83
Describe the pathology of Rhodococcus equi in foals
Chronic supparative bronchopneumonia Foci of caseous necrosis in lungs Lesions extrensive before clinical signs
84
What is the mortality rate of Rhodococcus equi in foals?
40-80%
85
Describe the immunity of Rhodococcus equi in adult horses
Immune
86
In which horses foes Actinobacillus most commonly cause disease?
Adult thoroughbreds
87
Give the subtypes of equine influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease
H7N7 | H3N8
88
What are the clinical signs of equine influenza virus?
``` URT infection May spread lower Cough Pyrexia Depression Secondary infections (streps, staphs, kleb) ```
89
What is caused by EHV-1?
Respiratory disease Abortion Paresis
90
What is caused by EHV-4?
Respiratory disease | Abortion (rarely)
91
What is caused by EHV-5?
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
92
What is the cause of gutteral pouch mycosis?
Aspergillus nidulans
93
How is equine gutteral pouch mycosis diagnosed?
``` Endoscopy Radiology Serology Culture Microscopy ```
94
How is equine gutteral pouch mycosis treated?
Local delivery of antifungals Ligation of carotid artery Systemic azole antifungal
95
List the main bacterial causes of respiratory disease in pigs
``` Bordetella Pasteurella Actinobacillus Haemophilus Mycoplasma ```
96
What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis?
Combination of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida
97
What aspects of atrophic rhinitis are due to Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Turbinate atrophy
98
What aspect of atrophic rhinitis are due to Pasteurella multocida?
Turbinate bone resorption
99
What is the cause of contagious pleuropneumonia in pigs?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
100
Describe contagious pleuropneumoniae in pigs...
Acute/chronic fibrinohaemorrhagic pneumonia with pleurisy
101
Describe the distribution of contagious pleuropneumoniae within the lungs of pigs...
Throughout all lung lobes
102
Describe Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Gram-ve Waxy-sticky colonies NAD-dependent (grows on chocolate agar)
103
What is caused by Actinobacillus suis?
Pleuropneumonia-like disease
104
What is Glasser's disease?
Polyserositis (fibrinous exudate) caused by Haemophilus parasuis
105
What causes Glasser's disease?
Haemophilus parasuis
106
Outline the pathology for Glasser's disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
Suppurative bronchopnuemonia Polyserositis (pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis) High mortality in young animals
107
Give the predisposing factors for Glasser's disease...
Stress
108
What does Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae causes?
Enzootic pneumonia in young, growing pigs
109
How is Mycoplasmia hyopneumoniae transmitted?
Aerosol
110
Describe enzootic pneumonia in pigs..
``` Caused by Mycoplasma hypopnuemoniae Chronic Non-fatal Reduced growth rates Coughing Often seen at slaughter ```
111
Describe the gross appearance of enzootic pneumonia..
Cranioventral consolidation of lung with red/grey discolouration
112
How can you diagnose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
Competition ELISA

Respiratory (16 decks)

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